Anatomy II test #2
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| What type of blood vessels take blood away from the heart? | arteries
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| Path of blood through the major blood vessels away from the heart | artery, arterial, capillary, venule, vein
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| What blood vessel is entirely made up of simple squamous epithelial tissue? | Capillary- to allow for diffusion through thin walls of blood vessel
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| What blood vessel is the site where exchange of gasses takes place? | Capillaries
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| In sympathetic response to skeletal muscles what increases? | blood flow
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| When blood flow increases why must blood vessels vasoconstrict? | to increase blood pressure= faster replenishment of oxygen to muscles
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| Does vasiodialation of smooth muscle tissue increase the diameter of the lumen of blood vessels? | yes
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| In glycolsis a six carbon sugar is split into a three carbon paruvrate, does this process require oxygen? | no
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| What factors will increase resistance in blood vessels? | diameter(vasoconstriction), length (longer), and viscosity (thicker)
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| Holes in a capillary blood vessel are called? | Fenestrae
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| Capillaries with holes are then called? | Fenestrated Capillaries
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| Hormone released by the kidney that increases blood pressure | Renin
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| Is blood pressure higher or lower further away from the heart? | lower
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| What is a key difference in veins and arteries? | veins have valves arteries do not
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| Veins have lower resistance than arteries why? | they have a larger diameter internally.
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| Path of blood flow starting at vena cava: | in vean cavas to right atrium, through tricuspid into right ventrical,through semilunar valve to pulmonary arteries, to lungs then returning into left atrium through tricuspid valve into left ventrical, then to aortic semi lunar valve and aorta.
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| Hormone, secreted by kidneys, used to increase red blood cell production is? | Eerythropoietin (EPO)
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| Why does blood pressure drop when there are less red blood cells in blood? | The viscosity is low this causes thin blood= less resistance
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| Where does the blood come from that enters the right atrium? | Superior Vena Cava, inferior vena cava, and coinary veins
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| Where does the bicuspid valve provide blood flow to? | Left atrium to left ventricle
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| Where does the aortic semi lunar valve take blood to? | from left ventricle to aortic arch
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| Where does the pulmonary semi lunar valve take blood to? | from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk
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| When oxygen enters the blood and combines with hemoglobin this is then named? | oxyhemoglobin
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| When CO2 released by body cells combines with H20 to form HCO3, what facilitates the bond? | carbonic anhydrase
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| Pace maker of SA node is located where? | in right atrium
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| Path of impulse starting with SA node... | SA node, Internodal septum, AV node, Right and left bundle branches, to the purkinje fibers
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| Where are the right and left bundle branches located? | Inter ventricular septum.
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| What human fetus heart structures are lost after birth? | Foramen ovale, and ductus arteriosus.
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| How does blood flow work for a fetus in regards to the ductus arteriosus? | the fetal circulation bypasses most of the blood away from the lungs by sending it from the pulmonary artery to the aorta through a connecting blood vessel called the ductus arteriosus.
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| What shape are red blood cells? | biconcave
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| Can red blood cells reversibly bind oxygen and carbon dioxide? | yes
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| What are the parts to a hemoglobin molecule? | heme, globin, iron
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| Formation of red blood cells | Erythropoiesis
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| Formation of any blood cell (formed elements) | Hemopoiesis
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| Formation of white blood cells | Leukopoiesis
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| Formation of platelets | thrombopoiesis
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| platelets AKA | thrombocytes
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| Red blood cells AKA | erythrocytes
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| White blood cells AKA | leukocytes
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| Platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells all are formed from? | Hemocytoblasts- hemopoetic multipotent stem cell
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| Part of hemoglobin at core of heme | iron
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| Red blood cells are formed in red bone marrow located where? | in spongy bone epiphyses
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| What structure engulfs dead / damaged red blood cells using phagocytosis? | macrophage
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| What happens to heme and globin? | Heme- releases iron
Globin- broken down into amino acids
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| What events occur in order to stop bleeding? | Vascular spasm, regional decrease in blood pressure, formation of platelet plug
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| Pile of platelets | platelet plug
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| platelet plug is activated by | cullogen fibers
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| prostacyclin | a hormone secreted by endothelial cells that destroys the platelet plug
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| Ability of white blood cell to leave the blood stream | Diapedises
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| 3 Steps of Coagulation | 1-Form prothrombin activator substance that will convert prothrombin to thrombin 2- thrombin converts fibronogen to fibrin 3-fibrin forms a mesh around platelet plug.
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| fibrinolysis | process of breaking down the fibrin / clot.
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| A blood clot is surrounded by | fibrin
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| Molecule that digests fibrin/ | plasmin
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| A blood type has why type antigens? | A
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| Ia Ia is an example of.... | homozygous blood type
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| neutrophils- | most numerouse WBC, 2X size of WBC, 6 hour life span, 3-6 lobe nucleus, population increases when there is an acute bacterial infection.
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| eosinophils- | 2-4% of WBC pop, same size neurtophils, appear redish, biohead (two lobe) nucleus, function to attack parasites and provide enzymes- life span 8-12 days
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| basophils | produce histamines-inflammatory response, unknown life span, hepanin-anticoagulant
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| Monocytes | largest size of WBC, 3-8% of pop. live several months, can differenciate into macrophages.
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| lymphocytes | most located in lymph nodes, 30% of WBC pop, two types- T-lymphocytes- defend against virus, and B-lymphocytes- differentiate into plasma cells that produce anti-bodies
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| First step of platelet plug formation | Collegen bind to platelets
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