pathology of endocrine
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| prolactin | excess results from hypothalamic destruction, causes galactorrhea, failure to ovulate, amenorrhea and decreased libido, can be treated with bromocriptine
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| neuroblastoma | highly malignant catecholamine producing tumor of early childhood
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| neuroblastoma | causes hypertension, often presents as abdominal mass, occasionally converts into a more differentiated form termed, ganglioneuroma
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| pheochromocytoma | derived from chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla, most often benign, uncommon cause of hypertension
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| pheochromocytoma | characterized by increased urinary excretion of catecholamines and metabolites, can cause hyperglycemia, can be part of MENIIa or IIb
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| waterhouse-friderichsen syndrom | catastrophic adrenal insufficiency and vascular collapse due to hemorrhagic necrosis of adrenal cortex, often cuased by DIC, characteristically die to meningococcemia
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| Addison disease | most commonly due to idiopathic adrenal atrophy, can also be caused by TB, metastatic tumor and various infetions, characterized by hypotension, increased pigmentation of skin, decreased Na,CL, glucose, bicarb, and increased serum potassium
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| adrenal virilism | caused by congenital enzyme defects( 21 hydroxylase-salt wasting, 11-hydroxylase-salt retaining) produces virilsim in females and precosious puberty in males
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| secondary aldosteronism | secondary to renal ishemia, renal tumors, and edema; caused by stimulation of renin-angiotensin system; demonstrates increased renin
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| primary aldosteronism | conn syndrom
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| primary aldosteronism | usually reslults from aldosterone producing adrenocortical adenoma; characterized by hypertension, sodium and water retention, and hypokalemia; decreased renin
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| cushings | cuased by; exogenous medication, hyperproduction of ACTH, adrenal cortical adenoma or carcinoma, or ectopic production of ACTH
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| cushings | changes are bilateral hyperplasia( excess ACTH production), adrenal cortical atrophy( exogenous medication),
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| cushings | muscle weakness, osteoporosis, amenorrhea, HTN, hyperglycemia, psych dysfunction
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| craniopharyngioma | benign childhood tumor derived from remnants of rathke's pouch
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| craniopharyngioma | characterized by nests and cords of squamous or columnar cells in a loose stroma, closely resembling th appearance of the embryonic tooth bud; is often cystic
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| nonsecreting pituitary adenomas | most often chromophobic, results in dysfunction because of local pressure; clinically variable- minifests include hypopituitarism, headache, visual disturbances ( bilateral hamianopsia)
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| deficiency of ADH | reults in diabetes insipidus
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| SIADH | most commonly caused by ectopic production of ADH, especially small cell carcinoma of the lung
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| SIADH | results in water retention with dilutional hyponatremia, reduced serum osmolality, and inability to dilute urine
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| pituitary cachexia | simmonds disease
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| pituitary cachexia | generalized panhypopituitarism characterized by marked wasting resulting from any process that destroys the ptiuitary frequently: tumors, postpartum pituitary necrosis( sheehan syndrome)
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| corticotropic adenoma | results in increased production of adrenal cortical hormones; cushings disease due to basophilic adenoma; cushing syndrome- hypersecortism regardless of cause( may be due to ectopic ACTH production by tumors)
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| somatotropic adenoma | second most common pituitary tumor, usually acidophilic, causes secondary hyperproduction of somatomedins
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| prolactinoma | most common pituitary tumor, usually chromophobic
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