physiology of pituitary
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| homrones of the anterior lobe of the pituitary | TSH, LH, FSH/ ACTH,MSH/ growth hormone/ prolactin
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| TSH,LH.FSH | belong to the same glycoprotein family, alpha subunits it identical while the beta subunit is responsible for activity of the hormone
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| ACTH,MSH, beta-lipotropin, beta- endorphin | are derived from single prcurser, proopiomelanocortin.
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| growth hormone ( somatortopin) | most important hormone for normal growth to adult size, is homologous to prolactin
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| growth hormone | released in a pulsitile fassion; secretion is increased by sleep,stress,hormones related to puberty, starvation, excercise and hypoglycemia; secretion decreased by somatostatin, somatomedins, obesity, hyperglycemia, and prganancy
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| GHRH | stimulates snthesis and secretion of growth hormone, somatostatin blocks it's effects, somatomedins produced by target hormones inhibits secretion by negative feedback
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| Growth hormone | in the liver, generates somatomedins( IGF) [ IGF receptor uses tyrosine kinase
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| growth hormone | decreases glucose uptake into cells, increases lipolysis, protein synthesis in muscle, increasing lean body mass, and increases the production of IGF
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| actions of growth hormone via IGF | increases synthesis in chondrocytes and increases linear growth, increases protein synthesis in muscle and lean body mass, increases protien synthesis in most organs and organ size
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| growth hormones dificiency | can be caused by lack of anterior pituitary growth hormone, hypothalamic dysfunction, failure to generate IGF in liver, growth hormone receptor deficiency
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| growth hormone | excess causes acromegaly, can be treated with somatostatin analogs
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| prolactin | responsible for lactogenesis, structurally homologous to GH
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| prolactin | tonically inhibited by dopamine, thyrotropin releasing hormone increases it's secretion, inhibits it's own secretion by negative feedback
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| prolactin | stimulates mild production, stimulates breast development along with estrogen, inhibits ovulation and spermogenisis
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| hormones of the posterior pituitary | ADH and oxytocin, synthesized in hypothalamic nuclei and packaged with neurophysins, travels down nerve to post. pituitary
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| ADH | originates primarily in supraoptic nuclei
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| ADH | regulates serum osmolarity by increasing water permeability in late distal tubules and collecting ducts
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| constricts vascular smooth muscle | ADH
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| ADH | is increased by: increased serum osmolarity, volume contraction, pain, nausea, hypoglycemia, nicotine, opiates
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| ADH | is decreased by: decreased serum osmolarity, ethanol, and alpha agonists
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| oxytocin | originates in paraventricular nuclei
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| oxytocin | causes ejection of milk from breasts as a result from the major stimulus of suckling
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| oxytocin | dilates the cervix and is part of orgasm
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| oxytocin | can be used to induce labor and reduce postpartum bleeding
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