Anatomy Final Exam
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| Anatomy | The study of the structure of the body
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| Physiology | The study of the functions of the body
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| Microscopic | Very small
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| Macroscopic | Very big
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| Disease | Illness
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| Pathology | Study of disease
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| Etiology | Cause of a disease
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| Idiopathic | Disease with unknown cause
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| Nosocomial | Contracted from a medical setting
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| Communicable | A disease that can be passed from one person to another
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| Contagious | Spread from one person to another by direct and indirect contact
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| Abdomin/o | Abdomen
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| Aden/o | Gland
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| Angi/o | Vessel
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| Arthr/o | Joint
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| Cardi/o | Heart
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| Col/o | Colon
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| Cyan/o | Blue
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| Cyt/o | Cell
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| Derm/o | Skin
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| Erythr/o | Red
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| Gastr/o | Stomach
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| Glyc/o | Sugar
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| Hemat/o; Hem/o | Blood
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| Hepat/o | Liver
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| Hist/o | Tissue
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| Hydr/o | Water
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| Leuk/o | White
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| Mamm/o | Breast
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| Nephr/o | Kidney
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| Neur/o | Nerve
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| Oste/o | Bone
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| Path/o | Disease
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| Phag/o | To swallow
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| Phleb/o; Ven/o | Vein
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| Rhin/o | Nose
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| a; an | Without
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| Acro- | Extremities
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| Brady- | Slow
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| Dia- | Through
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| Dys- | Difficult
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| Electro- | Electronic
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| Endo- | Within
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| Epi- | Upon or over
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| Hyper- | Above normal
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| Hypo- | Below normal
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| Macro- | Huge
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| Micro- | Small
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| Peri- | Around
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| Sub- | Under or below
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| Tachy- | Fast
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| -al; -ic | Pertaining to or related to
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| -algia | Pain
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| -cyte | Cell
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| -ectomy | Surgical removal
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| -gram | Record
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| -graphy | Process of recording
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| -ist | One who specializes
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| -itis | Inflammation
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| -megaly | Enlargement
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| -ologist | One who studies
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| -ology | The study of
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| -oma | Tumor
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| -otomy | To cut into
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| -ostomy | Surgical hole/ opening
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| -pathy | Disease
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| -penia | Decrease; lack of
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| -phobia | Fear of
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| -plasty | Surgical repair
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| -scope | To examine
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| A&P | Anatomy and Physiology
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| ACLS | Advanced Cardiac Life Support
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| bid | Twice a day
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| BM | Bowel movement
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| BP | Blood pressure
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| CA | Cancer
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| CAD | Coronary artery disease
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| CBC | Complete blood count
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| CPR | Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
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| CVA | Cerebral vascular accident
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| CXR | Chest X-ray
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| Dx | Diagnosis
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| GI | Gastrointestinal
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| ICU | Intensive care unit
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| IM | Intramuscular
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| IV | Intravenous
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| MI | Myocardial infarction
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| npo | Nothing by mouth
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| po | Orally
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| prn | As needed
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| q | Every
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| SOB | Shortness of Breath
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| STAT | Immediately
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| tid | Three times a day
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| ER/ED | Emergency room/ emergency department
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| Homeostasis | Equilibrium of the body
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| Negative feedback loop | The body tries to reverse something that happens (When a pathogen enters the body and the body reacts by inducing throwing up and diarrhea to eliminate the pathogen)
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| Positive feedback loop | The body tries to amplify something that happens (Contractions during child labor increasing in order to get it over with faster)
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| Signs | Objective of a disease
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| Symptoms | Subjective of a disease
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| Diagnosis | What a qualified professional names your symptoms
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| Standard precautions | Gown, gloves, mask (Used all across the board)
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| Anatomical position | Face forward, arms straight out with palms facing forward, legs shoulder length apart, and feet forward
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| Supine | Lying on back
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| Prone | Lying on stomach
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| Trendelenburg | Laying on back with feet higher than head
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| Fowler's | Sitting at least at a 45 degree angle
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| Sagittal | Body plane dividing body into left and right
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| Coronal | Body plane dividing the body into posterior and anterior
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| Transverse | Body plane that divides the body into superior and inferior
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| Superior/ cranial | Towards the head
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| Inferior/ caudal | Away from the head
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| Anterior/ ventral | Toward the front
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| Posterior/ dorsal | Toward the back
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| Medial | Towards the middle
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| Lateral | Away from the middle
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| Proximal | Close to point of reference
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| Distal | Away from point of reference
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| Dorsal cavity | Contains the brain and spinal cord
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| Cranial cavity | Contains the brain
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| Spinal cavity | Contains the spine
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| Ventral cavity | Contains the front portion; divided by the diaphragm to make thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
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| Thoracic cavity | Chest; contains the trachea, esophagus, lungs, heart, bronchi, major blood vessels, thymus gland, lymph nodes, nerves
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| Pleural cavity | Contains the lungs
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| Pericardial cavity | Contains the heart
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| Abdominopelvic cavity | from diaphragm to pelvis
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| Abdominal cavity | Contains the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestines, and most of the large intestines
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| Pelvic cavity | Contains end of large intestines, anus, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs
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| Right upper quadrant | Contains liver, right kidney, gallbladder, colon, and pancreas
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| Left upper quadrant | Contains stomach, left kidney, spleen, colon, and pancreas
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| Right lower quadrant | Contains appendix, colon, small intestines, ureter, major vein and artery to right leg
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| Left lower quadrant | Contains colon, small intestine, ureter, major vein and artery to left leg
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| Cephalic region | Pertains to the head
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| Cervical region | Pertains to the neck
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| Dorsal region | Pertains to the back
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| Thoracic region | Pertains to the chest
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| Abdominal region | Pertains to the stomach
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| Pelvic region | Pertains to the hips
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| CT scan | Combined x-rays for better imaging of many different angles
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| MRI | Uses magnetic field and radio waves for imaging of organs and tissues
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| Ultrasound | Using sound waves for imaging
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| What is the integumentary system and what does it do? | Skin; protects the body from invading pathogens
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| What is the muscular system and what is its purpose? | Muscles; Helps with movements and involuntary movements
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| What is the skeletal system and what is it for? | Bones; Gives the body form and protects internal organs
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| What is the circulatory system and what does it do? | Heart and blood vessels; Pumps oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and back to the heart to be sent to the lungs
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| What is the nervous system and what is it for? | Brain and nerves; Sends and interprets signals from stimuli to react)
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| What is the lymphatic system and what is its purpose? | Immune system; protects the body from pathogens that have already invaded the body
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| What is the respiratory system and what does it do? | Lungs; Inhale and exhales air to help oxygenate the body
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| What is the endocrine system and what does it do? | Pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, and adrenal gland; bodily secretions
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| What is the urinary system and what is its purpose? | Kidneys, bladder, ureters; excretes toxins through the urine)
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| What is the reproductive system and what does it do? | Ovaries, testes, uterus, etc.; organs used to reproduce)
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| Cranium | Head
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| Vertebrae | Spine
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| Clavical | Collar bone
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| Scapula | Shoulder blade
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| Sternum | Chest bone
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| Humerous | Upper arm
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| Radius | Lower arm on thumb side
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| Ulna | Lower arm on pinky side
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| Carpals | Wrist
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| Metacarpals | Hand
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| Phalanges | Fingers and toes
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| Pelvis | Hip bones
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| Femur | Upper leg
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| Patella | Knee cap
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| Tibia | Shin bone
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| Fibula | Bone in calf
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| Tarsals | Ankle
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| Metatarsals | Foot
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| Ball and socket | Joint that allows the extremity to move in a circular motion
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| Hinge | Allows the joint to move in one direction
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| Fibrous | Immovable joint
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| Cartilaginous | Partially movable
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| Synovial | Freely movable
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| Flexion | Decreasing angle of a joint
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| Extension | Increasing angle of a joint
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| Rotation | Moving in a circle
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| Adduction | Moving a body part closer to the midline
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| Abduction | Moving a body part farther from the midline
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| Circumduction | Flipping a body part over
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| Pronation | Turning a body part to lay on the bottom (hand to palm)
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| Supination | Turning body part to lay on the top (hand to back)
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| Inversion | Turning a body part toward the midline (ankle to stretch inner side)
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| Eversion | Turning a body part away from the midline (ankle to stretch outer side)
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| Opposition | (Touching thumb to middle finger)
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| Scoliosis | "S" shaped curvature of teh spine
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| Spina Bifida | Gap in spinal cord from birth thal allows a sac-like structure of teh spinal cord to protrude from its normal placement
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| Lordosis | Excessive inward curvature of the spine
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| Kyphosis | Hunchback
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| Arthritis | Inflammation of joints
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| Osteomalacia | Softening of bones
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| Osteoporosis | Weakening of bones
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| Cardiac muscles | Muscle that involuntarily makes the heart beat
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| Smooth muscle | Muscle that controls involuntary actions
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| Skeletal muscle | Muscle that allows for voluntary body movements
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| Muscular Dystrophy | Genetic; No cure: Damaed muscle fiber; Weakness, immobility, imbalance
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| Cerebral Palsy | Congenital; muscle tone decreases during childbirth or pregnancy; Affects posture, balance, and motor functions
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| Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva | Soft tissue hardens and becomes bone-like forever; movement is permanently restricted
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| Dermatomyositis | Autoimmune disease harming connective tissues and weakening muscles
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| Myasthenia Gravis | Autoimmune disease; Breakdown of neuromuscular junction that causes weakness and fatigue
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| Compartment Syndrome | Blood vessels, nerves, and muscles get compressed which leads to paralysis and tissue death
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| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | Neurodegenerative disease; Lou Gerhig's; Neurons get destroyed which forfeits voluntary muscle movements; Leads to paralysis
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| Mitochondrial Myopathies | Mintochondria (Powerhouse of cells) gets damaged; muscle weakness, deafness, blindness, arrhythmias, and heart failure; Seizures, dementia, vomiting, droopy eyelids can result
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| Rhabdomyolysis | Rapid destruction of muscles; muscle weakness, pain, and stiffness
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| Polymyositis | Degenerative and inflammatory; Effects systemic connective tissue causing weakness and muscle atrophy
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| Fibromyalgia | Chronic and debilitating disease; pain, fatigue, tenderness, and stiffness; Genetic; Effects women more than men
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| Myotonia | Muscles relax slowly from stimulation or contraction
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| Myofascial Pain Syndrome | Chronic pain disorder; Burning sensation on trigger points; joint stiffness, muscle knots, and sleeplessness from pain
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| Rotator Cuff Tear | Can be repaired by surgery
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| Cramps | Pain and tightness
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| Sprains and Strains | Twist or pull on muscles; Swelling, pain, difficult movement
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| Talipes | Flat feet due to weakening foot arch muscles
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| Tendonitis | Inflammation of the tendons
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| Epidermis | Outer layer of the skin; Keeps pathogens out of the body
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| Dermis | Middle layer of skin; Contains connective tissues, hair follicles, and sweat glands
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| Hypodermis | Innermost layer of skin; Contains fat and connective tissue
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| Rule of nines | Assesses percentage of burns; Each area counts as 9
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| Vitiligo | Loss of pigmentation
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| Necrotizing Fasciitis | Warm red skin and sore muscles
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| Cutaneous Candidiasis | White or red; usually in skin folds
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| Carbuncle | Red, irritated lump under skin
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| Cellulitis | Bacteria enters the skin; red, sore, and spreads quickly; Warm and tender to the touch
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| Hypohidrosis | Minimal perspiration; dizziness and flushed appearance, muscle cramps or weakness, feeling overly hot
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| Impetigo | Common in children; rash on face
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| Sympathetic nervous system | "Fight or flight"; Gets the body ready to react to stimuli
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| Parasympathetic nervous system | "Feed or breed"; Calms the body down after a stimulus has gone
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| Multiple sclerosis | Immune system damages nerves
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| Fibromyalgia | Widespread muscle pain and tenderness
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| Paralysis | Usually caused by spinal cord damage; inability to move; Severity depends on location of injury
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| Alzheimer's Disease | Degenerative disease; Destroys memory and other important mental functions
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| Guilain Barre Syndrome | Immune system attacks the nerves
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| Temporal lobe function | Speech understanding
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| Occipital lobe | Visual understanding
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| Frontal lobe | Cognitive functions and control of voluntary movements
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| Parietal lobe | Temperature, taste, touch, and movement interpretation
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| Traumatic brain injury | Brain dysfunction due to trauma
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| Cerebral Palsy | Congenital disorder affecting movement, muscle tone, or posture
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| Parkinson's Disease | Over stimulation of nerves that causes rigidity of gait and tremors
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| Ventilation | Supplying air to the lungs; usually by artificial means
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| Respiration | Breathing
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| Aspiration | Foreign particles such as food being inhaled into the lungs
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| Asphyxia | Suffocation; When the body becomes unconscious or dies due to lack of oxygen
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| Pulse oximetry | measuring the amount of oxygen through a machine that hooks onto the finger
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| Normal pulse range | 60-100 bpm
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| Normal respiration range | 12-18
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| Normal blood pressure range | 90/60 mm/Hg to 120/80 mm/Hg
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| Normal temperature range | 97.9 to 99.1 degrees Fahrenheit
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| Emulsificaiton | Breakdown of fat
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| Chyme | What food is called when it has been emulsified by the stomach
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| Bile | Produced in the gallbladder and helps to break down food to absorb nutrients
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