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Anatomy Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | The study of the structure of the body |
| Physiology | The study of the functions of the body |
| Microscopic | Very small |
| Macroscopic | Very big |
| Disease | Illness |
| Pathology | Study of disease |
| Etiology | Cause of a disease |
| Idiopathic | Disease with unknown cause |
| Nosocomial | Contracted from a medical setting |
| Communicable | A disease that can be passed from one person to another |
| Contagious | Spread from one person to another by direct and indirect contact |
| Abdomin/o | Abdomen |
| Aden/o | Gland |
| Angi/o | Vessel |
| Arthr/o | Joint |
| Cardi/o | Heart |
| Col/o | Colon |
| Cyan/o | Blue |
| Cyt/o | Cell |
| Derm/o | Skin |
| Erythr/o | Red |
| Gastr/o | Stomach |
| Glyc/o | Sugar |
| Hemat/o; Hem/o | Blood |
| Hepat/o | Liver |
| Hist/o | Tissue |
| Hydr/o | Water |
| Leuk/o | White |
| Mamm/o | Breast |
| Nephr/o | Kidney |
| Neur/o | Nerve |
| Oste/o | Bone |
| Path/o | Disease |
| Phag/o | To swallow |
| Phleb/o; Ven/o | Vein |
| Rhin/o | Nose |
| a; an | Without |
| Acro- | Extremities |
| Brady- | Slow |
| Dia- | Through |
| Dys- | Difficult |
| Electro- | Electronic |
| Endo- | Within |
| Epi- | Upon or over |
| Hyper- | Above normal |
| Hypo- | Below normal |
| Macro- | Huge |
| Micro- | Small |
| Peri- | Around |
| Sub- | Under or below |
| Tachy- | Fast |
| -al; -ic | Pertaining to or related to |
| -algia | Pain |
| -cyte | Cell |
| -ectomy | Surgical removal |
| -gram | Record |
| -graphy | Process of recording |
| -ist | One who specializes |
| -itis | Inflammation |
| -megaly | Enlargement |
| -ologist | One who studies |
| -ology | The study of |
| -oma | Tumor |
| -otomy | To cut into |
| -ostomy | Surgical hole/ opening |
| -pathy | Disease |
| -penia | Decrease; lack of |
| -phobia | Fear of |
| -plasty | Surgical repair |
| -scope | To examine |
| A&P | Anatomy and Physiology |
| ACLS | Advanced Cardiac Life Support |
| bid | Twice a day |
| BM | Bowel movement |
| BP | Blood pressure |
| CA | Cancer |
| CAD | Coronary artery disease |
| CBC | Complete blood count |
| CPR | Cardiopulmonary resuscitation |
| CVA | Cerebral vascular accident |
| CXR | Chest X-ray |
| Dx | Diagnosis |
| GI | Gastrointestinal |
| ICU | Intensive care unit |
| IM | Intramuscular |
| IV | Intravenous |
| MI | Myocardial infarction |
| npo | Nothing by mouth |
| po | Orally |
| prn | As needed |
| q | Every |
| SOB | Shortness of Breath |
| STAT | Immediately |
| tid | Three times a day |
| ER/ED | Emergency room/ emergency department |
| Homeostasis | Equilibrium of the body |
| Negative feedback loop | The body tries to reverse something that happens (When a pathogen enters the body and the body reacts by inducing throwing up and diarrhea to eliminate the pathogen) |
| Positive feedback loop | The body tries to amplify something that happens (Contractions during child labor increasing in order to get it over with faster) |
| Signs | Objective of a disease |
| Symptoms | Subjective of a disease |
| Diagnosis | What a qualified professional names your symptoms |
| Standard precautions | Gown, gloves, mask (Used all across the board) |
| Anatomical position | Face forward, arms straight out with palms facing forward, legs shoulder length apart, and feet forward |
| Supine | Lying on back |
| Prone | Lying on stomach |
| Trendelenburg | Laying on back with feet higher than head |
| Fowler's | Sitting at least at a 45 degree angle |
| Sagittal | Body plane dividing body into left and right |
| Coronal | Body plane dividing the body into posterior and anterior |
| Transverse | Body plane that divides the body into superior and inferior |
| Superior/ cranial | Towards the head |
| Inferior/ caudal | Away from the head |
| Anterior/ ventral | Toward the front |
| Posterior/ dorsal | Toward the back |
| Medial | Towards the middle |
| Lateral | Away from the middle |
| Proximal | Close to point of reference |
| Distal | Away from point of reference |
| Dorsal cavity | Contains the brain and spinal cord |
| Cranial cavity | Contains the brain |
| Spinal cavity | Contains the spine |
| Ventral cavity | Contains the front portion; divided by the diaphragm to make thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities |
| Thoracic cavity | Chest; contains the trachea, esophagus, lungs, heart, bronchi, major blood vessels, thymus gland, lymph nodes, nerves |
| Pleural cavity | Contains the lungs |
| Pericardial cavity | Contains the heart |
| Abdominopelvic cavity | from diaphragm to pelvis |
| Abdominal cavity | Contains the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestines, and most of the large intestines |
| Pelvic cavity | Contains end of large intestines, anus, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs |
| Right upper quadrant | Contains liver, right kidney, gallbladder, colon, and pancreas |
| Left upper quadrant | Contains stomach, left kidney, spleen, colon, and pancreas |
| Right lower quadrant | Contains appendix, colon, small intestines, ureter, major vein and artery to right leg |
| Left lower quadrant | Contains colon, small intestine, ureter, major vein and artery to left leg |
| Cephalic region | Pertains to the head |
| Cervical region | Pertains to the neck |
| Dorsal region | Pertains to the back |
| Thoracic region | Pertains to the chest |
| Abdominal region | Pertains to the stomach |
| Pelvic region | Pertains to the hips |
| CT scan | Combined x-rays for better imaging of many different angles |
| MRI | Uses magnetic field and radio waves for imaging of organs and tissues |
| Ultrasound | Using sound waves for imaging |
| What is the integumentary system and what does it do? | Skin; protects the body from invading pathogens |
| What is the muscular system and what is its purpose? | Muscles; Helps with movements and involuntary movements |
| What is the skeletal system and what is it for? | Bones; Gives the body form and protects internal organs |
| What is the circulatory system and what does it do? | Heart and blood vessels; Pumps oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and back to the heart to be sent to the lungs |
| What is the nervous system and what is it for? | Brain and nerves; Sends and interprets signals from stimuli to react) |
| What is the lymphatic system and what is its purpose? | Immune system; protects the body from pathogens that have already invaded the body |
| What is the respiratory system and what does it do? | Lungs; Inhale and exhales air to help oxygenate the body |
| What is the endocrine system and what does it do? | Pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, and adrenal gland; bodily secretions |
| What is the urinary system and what is its purpose? | Kidneys, bladder, ureters; excretes toxins through the urine) |
| What is the reproductive system and what does it do? | Ovaries, testes, uterus, etc.; organs used to reproduce) |
| Cranium | Head |
| Vertebrae | Spine |
| Clavical | Collar bone |
| Scapula | Shoulder blade |
| Sternum | Chest bone |
| Humerous | Upper arm |
| Radius | Lower arm on thumb side |
| Ulna | Lower arm on pinky side |
| Carpals | Wrist |
| Metacarpals | Hand |
| Phalanges | Fingers and toes |
| Pelvis | Hip bones |
| Femur | Upper leg |
| Patella | Knee cap |
| Tibia | Shin bone |
| Fibula | Bone in calf |
| Tarsals | Ankle |
| Metatarsals | Foot |
| Ball and socket | Joint that allows the extremity to move in a circular motion |
| Hinge | Allows the joint to move in one direction |
| Fibrous | Immovable joint |
| Cartilaginous | Partially movable |
| Synovial | Freely movable |
| Flexion | Decreasing angle of a joint |
| Extension | Increasing angle of a joint |
| Rotation | Moving in a circle |
| Adduction | Moving a body part closer to the midline |
| Abduction | Moving a body part farther from the midline |
| Circumduction | Flipping a body part over |
| Pronation | Turning a body part to lay on the bottom (hand to palm) |
| Supination | Turning body part to lay on the top (hand to back) |
| Inversion | Turning a body part toward the midline (ankle to stretch inner side) |
| Eversion | Turning a body part away from the midline (ankle to stretch outer side) |
| Opposition | (Touching thumb to middle finger) |
| Scoliosis | "S" shaped curvature of teh spine |
| Spina Bifida | Gap in spinal cord from birth thal allows a sac-like structure of teh spinal cord to protrude from its normal placement |
| Lordosis | Excessive inward curvature of the spine |
| Kyphosis | Hunchback |
| Arthritis | Inflammation of joints |
| Osteomalacia | Softening of bones |
| Osteoporosis | Weakening of bones |
| Cardiac muscles | Muscle that involuntarily makes the heart beat |
| Smooth muscle | Muscle that controls involuntary actions |
| Skeletal muscle | Muscle that allows for voluntary body movements |
| Muscular Dystrophy | Genetic; No cure: Damaed muscle fiber; Weakness, immobility, imbalance |
| Cerebral Palsy | Congenital; muscle tone decreases during childbirth or pregnancy; Affects posture, balance, and motor functions |
| Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva | Soft tissue hardens and becomes bone-like forever; movement is permanently restricted |
| Dermatomyositis | Autoimmune disease harming connective tissues and weakening muscles |
| Myasthenia Gravis | Autoimmune disease; Breakdown of neuromuscular junction that causes weakness and fatigue |
| Compartment Syndrome | Blood vessels, nerves, and muscles get compressed which leads to paralysis and tissue death |
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | Neurodegenerative disease; Lou Gerhig's; Neurons get destroyed which forfeits voluntary muscle movements; Leads to paralysis |
| Mitochondrial Myopathies | Mintochondria (Powerhouse of cells) gets damaged; muscle weakness, deafness, blindness, arrhythmias, and heart failure; Seizures, dementia, vomiting, droopy eyelids can result |
| Rhabdomyolysis | Rapid destruction of muscles; muscle weakness, pain, and stiffness |
| Polymyositis | Degenerative and inflammatory; Effects systemic connective tissue causing weakness and muscle atrophy |
| Fibromyalgia | Chronic and debilitating disease; pain, fatigue, tenderness, and stiffness; Genetic; Effects women more than men |
| Myotonia | Muscles relax slowly from stimulation or contraction |
| Myofascial Pain Syndrome | Chronic pain disorder; Burning sensation on trigger points; joint stiffness, muscle knots, and sleeplessness from pain |
| Rotator Cuff Tear | Can be repaired by surgery |
| Cramps | Pain and tightness |
| Sprains and Strains | Twist or pull on muscles; Swelling, pain, difficult movement |
| Talipes | Flat feet due to weakening foot arch muscles |
| Tendonitis | Inflammation of the tendons |
| Epidermis | Outer layer of the skin; Keeps pathogens out of the body |
| Dermis | Middle layer of skin; Contains connective tissues, hair follicles, and sweat glands |
| Hypodermis | Innermost layer of skin; Contains fat and connective tissue |
| Rule of nines | Assesses percentage of burns; Each area counts as 9 |
| Vitiligo | Loss of pigmentation |
| Necrotizing Fasciitis | Warm red skin and sore muscles |
| Cutaneous Candidiasis | White or red; usually in skin folds |
| Carbuncle | Red, irritated lump under skin |
| Cellulitis | Bacteria enters the skin; red, sore, and spreads quickly; Warm and tender to the touch |
| Hypohidrosis | Minimal perspiration; dizziness and flushed appearance, muscle cramps or weakness, feeling overly hot |
| Impetigo | Common in children; rash on face |
| Sympathetic nervous system | "Fight or flight"; Gets the body ready to react to stimuli |
| Parasympathetic nervous system | "Feed or breed"; Calms the body down after a stimulus has gone |
| Multiple sclerosis | Immune system damages nerves |
| Fibromyalgia | Widespread muscle pain and tenderness |
| Paralysis | Usually caused by spinal cord damage; inability to move; Severity depends on location of injury |
| Alzheimer's Disease | Degenerative disease; Destroys memory and other important mental functions |
| Guilain Barre Syndrome | Immune system attacks the nerves |
| Temporal lobe function | Speech understanding |
| Occipital lobe | Visual understanding |
| Frontal lobe | Cognitive functions and control of voluntary movements |
| Parietal lobe | Temperature, taste, touch, and movement interpretation |
| Traumatic brain injury | Brain dysfunction due to trauma |
| Cerebral Palsy | Congenital disorder affecting movement, muscle tone, or posture |
| Parkinson's Disease | Over stimulation of nerves that causes rigidity of gait and tremors |
| Ventilation | Supplying air to the lungs; usually by artificial means |
| Respiration | Breathing |
| Aspiration | Foreign particles such as food being inhaled into the lungs |
| Asphyxia | Suffocation; When the body becomes unconscious or dies due to lack of oxygen |
| Pulse oximetry | measuring the amount of oxygen through a machine that hooks onto the finger |
| Normal pulse range | 60-100 bpm |
| Normal respiration range | 12-18 |
| Normal blood pressure range | 90/60 mm/Hg to 120/80 mm/Hg |
| Normal temperature range | 97.9 to 99.1 degrees Fahrenheit |
| Emulsificaiton | Breakdown of fat |
| Chyme | What food is called when it has been emulsified by the stomach |
| Bile | Produced in the gallbladder and helps to break down food to absorb nutrients |
Created by:
Martinafulgieri
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