Kidney - tubule - Guyton
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| The rate at which each substance is filtered is calculated as? | Filtration=Glomerular filtration rate x plasma concentration
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| Small change in glomerular filtration and reaborbtion leads to? | large change-> large amount of urinary excretion
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| Large fluctation is avoided by? | Cordination of glomular filt and reabsorption.
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| Tubular reabsorption happens over? | Epithelial membran (in and out of tubule cell)->interstitial fluid->blood vessel.
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| Decribe how Na get absorbed at PT. | 1)Na diffuses over apical membrane becuase of electochemical gradient which is established by Na/K ATPase at basolateral membrane. 2)The are pumped out by NA/K ATPase into interstitial fluid 3)by ultrafiltration into pericapillaries
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| Describe primary active absorption and secondary absorption. | Primary needs ATP, secondary doesn't need ATP molecules are transported because of low gradient inside the cell. Transporters may be coupled here!
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| The process which molecule diffuse over membrane is? | Transcellular route.
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| The diffusion between cells are called? Name some molecules that take this route. | Paracellular route. NaCl, K, Ca, Mg
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| How does H2O enter blood? | Paracellular->blood<-osmosis (transcellular route)
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| What is solvent drag? | When water takes the paracellular route it drags molucule with it. Low in henle but adjustable in distal tube
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| What other mechanism brings large particle into the tubule cell? | Pinocytosis->cell- cell breaks the molucule down.->blood
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| Descibe the transport maximum. | TM is reffered to that there is a rate limit to which solute can be transported. (begränsning av hur mycket som kan transporteras.)
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| When TM is reached what happens to molucle. | They don't get transported (reabsorbed)-> gets into urine.
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| Which molucules does not exhibit TM? | Substances that are passively reabsorbed.
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| These molucules depend on? | 1)Electrochemical gradient 2)permaeability of the membran for that substance 3)time remaining in tubule
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| Describe the tubular absorption! | High degree of brush border with many tranporters, many mitochondria65% of Na and H2O reabsorbed here. Na is coupled with other molucules like glucose, aminoacid, cl - so called cotransporters. We have counter transporters like Na/H.
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| Proximal site is important for secretion of? | Bilesalts, oxalate, urate and catecholamines.
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| Descibe the loop of henle! | Thin descending and ascending has no brush border and litlle mitochondria and minimal metabolic activity. descening is permeable for water and solutes. Ascending part is impermeable for H2O.
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| Describe the thick ascending part of henle loop. | H2O impermeable. High metabolic activity. 25% of NaCL, K are absorbed in henles. Na-2Cl-K co-transporter. Na/H counter tranporter. Para cellular diffusion of Na, K, Mg, Ca becuase of negative interstitial fluid which is a product of Na/K ATpase pump.
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| Why does H2O get diluted in henle? | Becuase of no water absorbtion-> increased dilution
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| Describe the distal tubule. | Consists of early distal tuble, late distal tuble and cortical collecting tubule. They are impermeable to urea.
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| Describe early distal tuble! | Early distal tuble has the same properties as thick ascending part of henle's loop. It's impermeable to urea.
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| Describe LATE distal tuble and cortical collecting tuble. | composed of two distinct cell types 1)principal cell absorbs Na,H2O excretes K 2)interclated cells (key roll in acid-base regu.) absorbs K secretes H. Cells are impermeable to urea. Permeability is controled by ADH. Incr. ADH->incr. premeability to H2O.
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| Describe medullary collecting duct. | Cells cuboidal, no brush border and little mitochondria. Absorbs less than 10% filtered H2O & Na, Final site and importent in determening final result. H2O permeability controlled by ADH. Permeable to urea-> high osmolality. secretes H against high conc.
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