Bones and Markings of the Pectoral Girdle
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| Clavicle | Slender doubly curved bones that extend horizontally across the superior thorax.
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| Sternal End | Medial end of the clavicle, attaches to the sternal manubrium.
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| Acromial End | Lateral end of the clavicle, articulates with the scapula at the acromioclavicular (AC) joint.
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| Conoid Tubercle | Located on the posterior side of the clavicle, near the acromial end, provides attachment for a ligament that attaches to the first rib.
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| Function of the Clavicle | Hold the scapulae and arms out laterally, when clavicle is fractured the entire shoulder collapses medially.
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| Breakage of the Clavicle | Not very strong, can break when outstretched arms break a fall, curves in bone make it fracture anteriorly so as not to damage the subclavian artery that runs just deep.
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| Scapulae | Thin, triangular flat bones, lie on the dorsal surface of the ribcage between ribs 2-7.
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| Superior Border | Shortest and sharpest border of the scapula.
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| Medial Border | Border of the scapula that parallels the vertebral column, also known as the vertebral border.
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| Lateral Border | Border of the scapula that abuts the armpit, ends superiorly in the glenoid cavity, also known as the axillary border.
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| Glenoid Cavity | Shallow fossa that articulates with the humerus to form the shoulder joint.
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| Superior Angle | Where the superior scapula border meets the medial border.
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| Lateral Angle | Where the superior scapula border meets the lateral border.
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| Inferior Angle | Where the medial and lateral scapula borders meet.
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| Scapula Spine | Located on the posterior of the scapula, ends laterally in the acromion.
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| Acromion | Enlarged triangular projection at the end of the scapular spine, articulates with the acromial end of the clavicle to form the acromioclavicular joint.
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| Coracoid Process | Projects anteriorly from the superior scapular border, helps anchor the bicep, bounded medially by the suprascapular notch and laterally by the glenoid cavity.
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| Suprascapular Notch | Located on the medial edge of the coracoid process, allows for nerve passage.
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| Humerus | Largest, longest bone of the upperlimb, articulates with the scapula at the shoulder and with the radius and ulna at the elbow.
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| Head of the Humerus | Located at the proximal end, fits into the glenoid cavity.
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| Anatomical Neck of the Humerus | Slight constriction located immediately inferior to the head.
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| Greater Tubercle of the Humerus | Located just inferior to the anatomical neck and lateral to the lesser tubercle, site of attachment for rotator cuff muscles.
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| Lesser Tubercle of the Humerus | Located just inferior to the anatomical neck and just medial of the greater tubercle, attachment site for rotator cuff muscles.
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| Intertubercular Sulcus | Groove separation the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus, guides guides a tendon of the bicep to its attachment point at the rim of the glenoid cavity.
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| Surgical Neck | Located just distal to the tubercles, so named because it is the most frequently fractured part of the humerus.
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| Deltoid Tuberosity | Located about midway down the shaft of the humerus on the lateral side, attachment site for the deltoid muscle.
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| Radial Groove | Located near the deltoid tuberosity, runs diagonally down the posterior aspect of the shaft marking the course of the radial nerve.
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| Trochlea | Condyle at the distal end of the humerus, shaped like an hour glass tipped on its side, medial to the capitulum, articulates with the ulna.
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| Capitulum | Condyle located at the distal end of the humerus, ball-like shape lateral to the trochlea, articulates with the radius.
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| Humerus Epicondyles | Medial and lateral, flanks the trochlea and capitulum, provides muscle attachment sites, ulnar nerve runs behind the medial epicondyle, responsible for the "funny bone".
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| Supracondyle Ridges | Located directly above the humerus epicondyles medially and laterally.
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| Coronoid Fossa | Located superior to the trochlea on the anterior surface of the humerus, allows the ulna to move freely when elbow is flexed.
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| Olecranon Fossa | Located superior to the trochlea on the posterior surface of the humerus, allows the ulna to move freely when the elbow is extended.
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| Radial Fossa | Located lateral to the coronoid fossa receives the head of the radius when the elbow is flexed.
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