Anatomy
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| What is the function of the semicircular canals? | Equilibrium:rotational (angular) acceleration of the head
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| What is the function of the vestibule? | equilibrium: static equilibrium and linear acceleration of the head
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| What is the function of the cochlea? | hearing
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| Which structure connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland? | the infundibulum
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| What are the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland and what are the functions? | Thyroid Stimulating Hormone: stimulates the thyroid gland
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone: stimulates the cortex of the adrenal
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| What are the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland and what are the functions? 2 | Growth Hormone: Stimulates growth of muscle, bones and cartilage.
Prolactin: Stimulates milk production from the mammary glands
Follicle Stimulating Hormone:
Females: stimulates initial egg development in the ovaries
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| What are the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland and what are the functions? 3 | Follicle Stimulating Hormone:
Females: stimulates initial egg development in the ovaries
Males; Stimulates sperm production in the ovaries
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| What are the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland and what are the functions? 4 | Luteinizing Hormone:
Females: Stimulates final egg development and induces ovulation of the egg
Males: Stimulates testosteroneproduction in the testis
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| What are the hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland and what are the functions? | Oxytocin: Stimulates the uterus muscles to contract and stimulates the release of milk from the mammary glands
Antidiuretic Hormone: stimulates the kidneys to reabsorbs H2O.
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| Where is the location of the thyroid gland? | In the neck
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| What are the hormones produced by the thyroid gland and what are the functions? | Throxine and triiodothyronine= increase basal metabolic rate
Calcitonin= decreases blood calcium levels
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| Where is the arenal gland located? | Above the kidney
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| What is the hormones produced by the adrenal gland medulla and the functions? | Adrenaline and noradrenaline
1. increases heart rates and blood pressure
2. Increases metabolic rates
3.causes bronchioles to dilate
4. decreases digestive system activity
5. decreases urine output from the kidney
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| What are the hormones produced by the adrenal gland cortex and the functions? | Aldosterone=increases sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys which in turn regulates blood volume and blood pressure.
Cortisone=stress response and also regulates body metabolism
Dehydropiandosterone=early development of male sex organs
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| What are the hormones produced by the pancreas and what are the functions? | Insulin= decreases blood glucose levels
Glucagon= increases blood glucose levels
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| Where is the pancreas located? | Located on the right side of the abdomen.
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| Which type of cancer is the most common lethal one in the U.S.A? | Lung cancer
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| Know the names of the types of standard cancer therapy. | Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant
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| Define carcinomas | cancers of the epithelial tissue
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| Define adenocarcinomas | cancers of glandular epithelial cells
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| Define sarcomas | cancers of muscle and connective tissues
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| Define leukemias | cancers of the blood
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| define lymphomas | cancers of lymphatic tissues
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| Which type of two genes DIRECTLY cause cancer? | tumor supressor gene and proto-concogenes
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| Define oncology | the study of cancer
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| Define tumor | an abnormal mass cells/tissue
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| Define malignant | cancerous tumor
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| Define benign | non-cancerous tumor
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| Define angiogenesis | the formation of new blood vessels to supply nutrients and oxygen to the tumor.
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| Define metastasis | occurs when cells move into the bloodstream or lymphatic vessels and form new tumors at distant sites from the primary tumor
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| What is the standard information of autosomal dominant traits? | Affected children will usually have an affected parent.
Heterozygotes (Aa) are affected.
Two affected parents can produce an unaffected child.
Two unaffected parents will not have affected children.
M&F are affected equally
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| What is the name of the specific disorders with autosomal dominant? | Marfan syndrome,Huntington's disease, Osteogenesis imperfecta
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| What is the standard information with autosomal recessive? | Affected children can have unaffected parents.
Heterozygotes (Aa) have an unaffected phenotype.
Two affected parents will always have affected children.
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| What is the standard information with autosomal recessive? 2 | Affected individuals with homozygous unaffected mates will have unaffected children.
Close relatives who reproduce are more likely to have affected children.
Both males and females are affected with equal frequency.
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| What is the name of the specific disorders with autosomal recessive? | Tay-Sachs disease and cystic fibrosis.
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| What is the standard information of sex-linked traits? | More males than females are affected.
An affected son can have parents who have the normal phenotype.
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| What is the standard information of sex-linked traits? 2 | For a female to have the characteristic, her dad must also have it. Her mom must have it or be a carrier.
The characteristic often skips a generation from the grandfather to the grandson.
If a woman has the characteristic, all of her sons will have it.
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| What is the name of the specific disorders with sex linked traits? | Color blindness, Duchenne muscular dystrophy Fragile X syndrome, and Hemophilia
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| Pauta Syndrome (disorder number and characteristic) | Trisomy 13 and Multiple defects with death by 1 to 3 months
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| Edwards syndrome (disorder number and characteristic) | Trisomy 18 and Ear deformities,heart defects, spasticity, and other damage; death by age 1
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| Downs syndrome (disorder number and characteristic) | Trisomy 21 and folds of skin above the eye, varying degrees of mental retardation, short statures and cardiac deformities.
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| Turner's Syndrome (disorder number and chracteristic) | XO and Short stature, webbed neck, sometimes slight mental retardation, ovaries degenerate in late embryonic life leading to rudimentary sexual characteristics.
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| Klinefelters Syndrome (disorder number and characteristic) | XXY and slowly degenrating testis and have enlarged breasts.
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| Jacobs Syndrome (disorder number and characteristic) | XYY and unusually tall with heavy acne, some tendency to mental retardation.
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| Poly X syndrome (disorder number and characteristic) | XXX and despite 3 x chromosomes usually fertile, fairly normal females
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| Tissue/structure of Ectoderm | nervous tissue and epidermis of skin
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| Tissue/structure of Mesoderm | blood, muscles, bones, and other connective tissue derivatives
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| Tissue/structure of Endoderm | epithelial lining of the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and several other organs; endothelial lining of blood vessels
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| Define zygote | right after fertilization
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| Define embryo | from fertilization through week 8
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| Define fetus | from week 9 till birth
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| Define amniotic sac | surrounds the embryo
thin membrane with fluid
surrounds the embryo/fetus
protection and supports the embryo
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| Define yolk sac | initial surrounds the embryo
get smaller over time
eventually becomes the outer portion of the umbilical cord
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| Define chorion | develops from the syncytiotrophoblast
fetal portion of the placenta
transfer ions (atoms) and small compounds
to/from embryo/fetus and mom
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| Define allantois | inner portion of the umbilical cord and Contains blood vessels
transfer compounds to/from embryo/fetus and mom
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| Define rods | allow vision in dim light
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| Define cones | Allows color vision and high acuity
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| Define amacrine cells | support the rods and cones
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| Define bipolar cells | Generates/carries nerve impulses
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| Define horizontal cells | supports the rods and cones
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| Define optic nerve | carries info from the eye to the chiasma
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| Define optic tract | sends info from chiasma to the brain
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| Define optic chiasma | X shaped structure where the two optic nerves cross over each other
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| Define thalamus | Relay center between sensory stimuli and cerebrum (expect smell)
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| What is the function of the occipital lobe of the cerebrum? | vision
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| What are the structures in the fibrous layer of the eye? | sclera and cornea
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| Define sclera | Provides shape for eye, muscle attachment
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| Define cornea | Protects eye, lets light enter
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| Define choroid | Prevents scattering of light rays
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| Define ciliary body | Support/Attachment of lens
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| Define iris | Eye “Color”
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| Define pupil | Center of Iris, Controls light entering eye
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| Define retina | Ganglion Cells :Generates/carries nerve impulses
Bipolar Cells :Generates/carries nerve impulses
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| Define lens | Directs light retina
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| Define anterior compartment with aqueous humor | Supplies nutrients to lens/cornea
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| Define posterior compartment with vitreous humor | Transmits light, supports lens, and intra ocular eyeball pressure
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| Define lacrimal glands | Produces lacrimal fluid
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| Define eyebrows | Protects eye
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| Define eye lashes | Protects eye
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| Define eye ilds | Protects eye
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| Define ovaries | Produces eggs (ova) and estrogen and progesterone
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| Define uterine tubes | Site of fertilization, movement of ovum (unfertilized egg) or Zygote (fertilized egg) to uterus for implantation
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| Define uterus | Menstruation, Implantation of a zygote, Development of embryo/fetus,
Labor- birth of the fetus
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| Define cervix | inferior portion of the uterus, connects to vagina
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| Define vagina | Passage way into of the female reproductive system for sperm/penis
to fertilize the egg,
Passage way out of the female reproductive system for menstruation
and fetus during birth
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| Define mammary glands | Lactation (production and release) of milk after birth
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| In the male vas deferens carries ___, the ejactulatory duct carries ___, and the urethra carries ____. | sperm, semen, semen and urine
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| The functional unit of the kidney is the _____ and is composed of ____ tissue. | nephron, epithelial
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| Define glomerulus | forms ultrafiltrate of plasma
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| Define proximal convoluted tubule | bulk reaborptions of solutes and H2O and secreiton of solutes (except K+) and organic acids and bases
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| Define descending Limp of Loop of Henle | bulk reabsorption of H2O.
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| Define ascending Limb of Loop of Henle | reabsorption of NaCl
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| Define clevage | rapid meiotic division of young embryo
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| Define morula | young embryo resulting from clevage
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| When and where does fertilization occur? | Fertilization occurs when the sperm penetrates the egg and this happens in the fallopian tubes.
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| When and where does implantation occur? | Implantation occurs when the blastocyst is attached to the endometrium
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| What is the structure of the nervous eye? | ciliary body and retina
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| The renal corpuscle is composed of the ____ and the ____ and is the site of ___. | glomerulus, Bowman's Capsule, filtration
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| When and where does implantation occur in the female reproductive system occur? | occurs after 5-6 days after fertilization in the uterus
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| Define afferent arteriole | carries blood to the glomerulus
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| Define efferent arteriole | carries blood away from the glomerulus
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| Function of Bowman's capsule | filtration
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| Function of proximal convoluted tubule | reabsorpttion
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| Function of Ascednging/Descending Limb of Loop of Henle | concentration/dilution
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| Function of Distal convoluted tubule | secretion
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| Function of Collecting Duct | concentration/dilution
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| Function of Vasa Recta | just a fancy name for the portion of the peritubular capillaries that surround the Loop of Henle
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| Which part of the neprhon are under hormonal control? | The distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct
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| Which hormones control the parts of the nephrons under hormonal control? | The distal concoluted tubule=aldosterone
Collecting duct=ADH
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| What is the name of the anterior pituitary hormones in the testis? | FSH and LH
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| What is the function of the anterior pituitary hormones inside the testis? | FSH produces sperm
LH secretes testoterone
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| Where is the specific site of function of the anterior pituitary hormones inside the testis? | FSH= seminiferous tubules
LH=interstitial cells
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| Define glomerulus | In the kidney, a tiny ball-shaped structure composed of capillary blood vessels actively involved in the filtration of the blood to form urine.
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| Define blastocyst | its the continued development of the morula which then is implanted in the uterus.
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