Ch. 6 Muscles
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| Ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force | contractility
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| Capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus | excitability
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| The ability to be stretched | elasticity
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| Skeletal muscle is surrounded by this connective tissue sheath | epimysium
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| Connective tissue located outside the epimysium that surrounds and separates muscles | fascia
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| Loose connective tissue that surrounds the visible bundles in muscle | perimysium
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| Visible bundles in muscle | fasciculi
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| Single muscle cells | fibers
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| Each fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called this | endomysium
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| Cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with this | myofibrils
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| 2 major protein fibers | actin & myosin
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| Actin | thin
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| Myosin | thick
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| Actin and myosin myofilaments form highly ordered units called | sarcomeres
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| Sarcomeres join together to form the | Myofibril
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| Basic structural and functional unity of the muscle | sarcomere
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| Each sarcomere extends from what to what? | Z line to Z line
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| Zline | actin
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| What gives the "banded" appearance? | the arrangement of actin and myosin
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| Space on each side of the Z line | i band
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| i band | actin, light
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| extends the length of the myosin | A band
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| A band | Dark, myosin
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| H zone | located in the center of each sarcomere, light area
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| M line | Myosin myofilaments are anchored in the center of the sarcomere at the m line
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| Charge difference across the membrane | resting membrane potential
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| Brief reversal back of the charge | action potential
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| Nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers | motor neurons
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| Each branch that connects to the muscle forms a | neuromuscular junction or synapse
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| Single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates are called | motor unit
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| many of these form a single muscle | motor unit
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| formed by a enlarged nerve terminal resting in an indentation of the muscle cell membrane | neuromuscular junction
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| presynaptic terminal | enlarged nerve terminal
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| space between the the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell | synaptic cleft
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| muscle fiber | postsynaptic terminal
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| each presynaptic terminal contains | synaptic vesicles
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| synaptic vesicles secrete this neurotransmitter | acetylcholine
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| breaks down acetylcholine | acetylcholinesterase
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| muscle contraction occurs when... | actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another causing the sarcomeres to shorten
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| when sarcomeres shorten it... | causes the muscle to shorten
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| sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contractions | sliding filament mechanism
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| sliding filament mechanism | h & I bands shorten.
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| muscle twitch | contraction of an entire muscle
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| threshold | level that a muscle fiber will respond to a stimulus
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| this is called the all or none affect | threshold
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| lag phase | time between application and occurrence of a contraction
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| contraction phase | actual time of contraction
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| relaxation phase | time of relaxation between contractions
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| tetany | muscle remains contracted without relaxing
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| recruitment | increase in number of motor units being activated
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| atp | energy needed for muscle contractions
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| atp | produced in the mitochondria
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| atp | shortlived and unstable
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| atp | cannot be stockpiled
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| ADP | adenosine diphosphate
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| creatine phosphate | can be stored
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| anaerobic respiration | without oxygen
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| aerobic respiration | with oxygen
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| which is more efficient | aerobic
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| oxygen debt | amount of oxygen needed to replenish
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| muscle fatigue | atp is used faster than it can be made
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| isometric | length does not change
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| isotonic | length of muscle changes
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| muscle tone | constant tension
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| fast twitch | wears down easily
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| slow twitch | can go for a long time
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| origin | head
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| insertion | end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement
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| belly | portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion
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| some muscles have multiple origins or head | true
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| synergists | muscles that work together to complete a specific task
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| antagonists | muscles that work against eachother
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| prime mover | main muscle used in any one specific movement
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| most muscles have names that are descriptive | true
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| dark bands | A bands
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