NAU Endocrine System, Blood
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| In Latin, means "acorn" | Glands
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| Types of glands according to their secretions destinations | Endocrine and Exocrine Glands
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| External glands, secrete products to exit the cell or body OR go into the lumen of another organ. | Exocrine Glands
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| Internal glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to reach target cells. These glands and their hormones help regulate how the body works-its metabolism | Endocrine Glands
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| Chemical messengers that literally " to arouse, to set into motion, or urge on" | Hormones
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| 2 classes of hormones | Non-steroids and Steroids
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| Non-steroid classifications | Amines, Protein, Glycoproteins, Peptides and Prostaglandins
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| Steroid classifications | Sex hormones and Adrenal cortex secretions
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| Derived from the amino acid tyrosine-epinephrine and norepinephrine OR adrenaline or noradrenaline | Amines
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| Composed of long chains of amino acids. PTH-parathyroid, GH-Growth Hormone and PRL-prolactin | Protein
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| Proteins joined to carbohydrates. FSH-Folicle stimulating , LH- Lutenizing and TSH- Thyroid stimulating Hormones, all found in anterior portion of pituitary gland. | Glycoproteins
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| Short chains of amino acids. ADH-Antidiuretic, OT-Oxytocin, TRH-Thyroptin releasing, SS- Somatostantin and GnRH-Gonadotropin releasing | Peptides
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| Fatty acids produced in a wide variety of cells all over the body. | Prostaglandins
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| Amino acid compounds that do NOT dissolve in lipids | Non-Steroidal Hormones
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| Lipid based derived from cholesterol that dissolves in lipids. | Steroids
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| The cells that the hormones will be acting upon. | Target cells
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| Sequence of Non-Steroidal Hormone Using Cyclic AMP Steps 1-3 | 1. Endocrine gland secretes hormone 2. Body fluid carries hormone to its target cell. 3. Hormone combines w/ receptor site on membrane of its target cell, activating G protein (messenger)
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| Sequence of Non-Steroidal Hormone Using Cyclic AMP Steps 4-6 | 4. G protein then activates adenylate cyclase (integral protein) with its active site facing inside the cell. 5. Adenylate cyclase functions to remove the 2 phosphate groups from ATP converting it into cyclic AMP 6. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinases
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| Sequence of Non-Steroidal Hormone Using Cyclic AMP Steps 7-8 | 7. These enzymes collectively change the metabolic processes within the cell. 8. Resulting in the hormone's effects (ie secretion of product)
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| Sequence of Steroid Hormone Action. Steps 1-3 | 1. Endocrine gland secretes steroid hormone to be carried via blood to target cell. 2. Steroid hormone diffuses through the target cell membrane & enters cytoplasm or nucleus 3. Hormone combines w/a receptor site molecule in the cytoplasm or nucleus.
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| Sequence of Steroid Hormone Action. Steps 4-6 | 4. Steroid hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA & promotes transcription of messenger RNA. 5. Messenger RNA enters the cytoplasm & directs protein synthesis. 6. Newly synthesized proteins produce hormone's specific effects.
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| The control source that brings conditions back to normal, effectors gradually reduce until they shut down | Negative Feedback
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| Negative Feedback Steps | 1. Hormonal Stimulus 2. Neutral Stimulus 3. Humoral Stimulus
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| RH (Releasing hormone) from the hypothalamus releases hormones from the anterior portion of the pituitary gland (trophic-"nourishment" hormones) In this case. Nourishment = Stimulation | Hormonal Stimulus
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| Trophic also known as | Stimulate to release
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| Nervous system directly stimulates some glands. Ex: Adrenal Medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine OR adrenaline and noradrenaline | Neutral Stimulus
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| High blood levels of a given hormone (or its predecessors or products) serve to "turn off" or inhibit further section of that hormone. | Humoral Stimulus
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| Means blood | Humoral
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| Endocrine Glands | 1. Pituitary 2. Thyroid 3. Parathyroids 4. Adrenal Medulla 5. Adrenal Cortex 6. Pancreatic Islets 7. Pineal Gland
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| 2 Lobes of the Pituitary Gland | Anterior Lobe and Posterior Lobe
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| Hormones of the Anterior lobe of the Pituitary Gland | GH-Growth Hormone, FSH-Follicle Stimulating Hormone, PRL-Prolactin, LH-Luteinizing hormone and ICSH- Reproductive Hormones, TSH- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
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| Hormones that contains FSH and LH | ICSH
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| Hormones of the Posterior lobe of the Pituitary Gland | ADH-Antidiuretic hormone and Oxycytocin
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| Master gland, effects other glands | Pituitary Gland or Hypophysis
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| Lobe in which hormones are produced in the hypothalamus and stored here | Posterior Lobe
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| Frontal lobe of pituitary gland | Anterior Lobe
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| Is H-shaped, located in the throat, regulates calcium in the bone | Thyroid
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| 4 tiny little glands on the thyroid gland, shaped like top hats. | Parathyroids
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| Hormones in the inner portion of the gland, located on top of the kidneys | Adrenal Medulla
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| Makes up the bulk of the adrenal gland, located on the kidneys | Adrenal Cortex
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| Where the endocrine hormones of the pancreas are locatd | Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans
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| Melatonin hormone details | Found in Pineal gland, involved with bio-rhythms, deals with mood swings, sexual desires and sleep cycles
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| Tropical hormones details | Found in hypothalamus, regulates other hormones and id not regulated by anything
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| Oxytocin hormone details | Found in posterior portion of the pituitary gland, Provides uterus contractions and milk "let down". Regulated by hypothalamus in response to uterine stretching & suckling
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| ADH- Antidiuretic hormone details | Is a peptide and non-steroidal. Found in posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, Gives water retention and constriction of the blood vessels. Regulated by hypothalamus to balance water and salt
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| Antidiuretic is also known as | Vasopressin
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| GH-Growth hormone details | Is a protein, non-steroidal, found in anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, involves growth, regulated by the Hypothalamus
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| PRL-Prolactin hormone details | Found in anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, stimulates milk production and is regulated by the hypothalamus
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| FSH- Follicle stimulating hormone details | Found in anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, causes female to release egg, production of sperm and ova. Regulated by the hypothalamus
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| LH- Lutenizing hormone details | Is a glycoprotein, non-steroidal. Found in anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Stimulates testes for sperm reproduction, and ovaries. Found in hypothalamus.
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| TSH-Thyroid stimulating hormone details | Found in anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Stimulates thyroid. Regulated by the hypothalamus and thyroxine.
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| ACTH- Adrenocorticotropic hormone details | Found in anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids. Regulated by hypothalamus and Glucocorticoids
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| T4- Thyroxine and T3-Triiodothyronine hormone details | Found in thyroid. Stimulates metabolism by increasing physical and mental activities. Regulated by TSH- Thyroid stimulating hormone
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| Calcitonin or Thyrocalcitonin hormone details | Found in thyroid. Reduces blood calcium levels. Regulated by calcium in blood.
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| PTH-Parathyroid hormone details | Found in parathyroid. Raises blood calcium levels Regulated by calcium in blood.
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| Thymosin hormone details | Found in thymus. Programs "T" lymphocyctes. Unknown regulation
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| Is located behind sternum and in front of the heart. Is active childhood for metabolism and only lymphatic activities as an adult | Thymus
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| Makes up Adrenal hormones | Adrenal Medulla and Adrenal Cortex
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| Epinephrine & Norepinephrine OR Adrenaline and noradrenaline hormone details | Found in Adrenal Medulla. Raises blood glucose , increases rate of metabolism, constricts certain blood vessels. Regulated by sympathetic division of nervous system.
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| Epinephrine & Norepinephrine OR Adrenaline and noradrenaline are also called | Catecholamines
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| Glucocorticoids hormone details | Found in adrenal cortex. Raises blood glucose. Regulated by ACTH- Adrenocortico-Tropic
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| Metabolizes sugar | Gluococorticoids
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| Mineralocorticoids or Aldoesterone hormone details | Found in adrenal cortex. Promotes reabsorption of Sodium and Potassium in kidneys. Regulated by changes in blood volume or pressure; the sodium and potassium levels in blood
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| Sex hormones | Found in adrenal cortex.
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| Insulin hormone details | Beta cells. Found in Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans. Reduces blood glucose. Regulated by glucose levels in blood.
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| Glucagon hormone details | Alpha cells. Found in Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans. Raises blood glucose. Regulated by glucose levels in blood.
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| Somatostatin hormone details | Delta cells. Found in Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans. Inhibits secretion of Glucagons and insulin. Unknown regulation.
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| Androgen hormone details | Found in Gonads and testes. Stimulates sexual maturation. Regulated by FSH and LH.
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| Estrogen hormone details | Found in ovaries. Stimulates sexual maturation. Regulated by FSH and LH
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| Progesterone hormone details | Found in ovaries. Promotes growth of uterine lining. Regulated by FSH and LH.
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| 2 types of Stress | Physical and physiological stress
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| Threatens tissues directly, anything that affects us physically, sick or hurt | Physical stress
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| Results from thoughts about real or imagined dangers, personal losses, unpleasant social interactions or the lack thereof or any threatening factors. | Psychological Stress
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| Functions of the blood 1-5 | 1. Gas transport 2.Nutrient, electrolyte & vitamin transport to cells 3. Waste transport from cells 4. Hormone transport from production site to target 5. Keep body pH balanced
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| Functions of the blood 6-9 | 6. Regulates tissue fluid 7. Heat transportation 8. Carries cells & antibodies to fight infection 9. Carries binding proteins that prevent coagulation
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| 2 divisions of blood | Plasma and formed elements
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| Straw or yellowish color of the fluid portion of the circulating blood | Plasma
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| Blood consists of: | Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma
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| Plasma consists of: | Albumin, Clotting Factors, Antibodies and Compliment
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| Protein responsible for for maintaining the osmotic pressure in the blood, produced in the liver. | Albumin
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| Aids in coagulation and is produced in the liver | Clotting factors
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| Fights infections, produced by certain white blood cells | Antibodies
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| A group of enzymes that aid antibodies in their fight against infection. | Complement
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| Makes up formed elements: | Erythrocytes or Red blood cells; Leukocytes or White blood cells and Platelets
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| Red cells that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. Lives for 90 days. | Red blood cells or Erythrocytes
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| White cells that protect against infection. | White blood cells or Leukocytes
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| Diseases caused by an overgrowth of white blood cells or leukocytes. | Lupus or leukemia
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| 2 categories of Leukocyctes | Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
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| White blood cells that have a granular cytoplasm | Granulocytes
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| White blood cells that have a nongranular cytoplasm | Agranulocytes
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| Types of granulocytes | Neutophils, Eosinophils and Basophils
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| Fine cytoplasmic granules, has a lobed nucleus, is lavender colored, first to arrive at the site of an infection. | Neutophils
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| Pink or red colored, has course cytoplasmic granules, moderates allergic reactions and defends against parasitic worm infestations. | Eosinophils
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| Deep blue colored, fewer irregularly shaped cytoplasmic granules, releases histamine, which promotes inflammation and heparin, which inhibits blood clotting, thus increasing blood flow to injured tissues. | Basophils
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| Types of agranulocytes | Monocytes and Lymphocytes
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| Largest blood cells, leaves the bloodstream to become macrophages that phagotizes bacteria, dead cells and other debris in tissues. | Monocytes
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| Slightly larger than erythrocytes, T-cells and B-cells, both important in immunity. | Lymphocytes
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| Directly attacks microorganisms, tumor cells and transported cells | T cells
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| Produces antibodies which are proteins that attack foreign molecules. | B cells
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| Cell fragments that participate in blood clotting, cells do not have nuclei or DNA. | Thrombocytes or platelets
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| Hemostaisis- Blood stoppage may occur by ways 1-2 | 1. Blood vessel spasm-vasospasm-vasoconstriction 2.Platelet plug formation- utilizing platelets & collagen fibers.
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| Hemostaisis- Blood stoppage may occur by ways 3-4 | 3. Extrinsic clotting- blood contacts damaged vessel walls or tissues outside blood vessels. 4. Intrinsic clotting mechanism- when blood comes into contact with something other than smooth epithelial tissue initiating clotting from inside the vessel.
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| Ways to prevent clotting or coagulation: | 1. Smooth lining of blood vessel 2. Postscyclin 3. Fibrin threads 4. Antithrombin in fibers 5. Heparin
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| Prevents clotting by inhibiting platelets from attaching to blood vessel walls | Postacyclin
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| Prevents clotting by absorbing thrombin | Fibrin thread
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| Prevents clotting by interfering with thrombin action | Antithrombin in plasma
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| Prevents clotting by cells being located predominately in the liver and lungs, interferes with the formation of prothrombin activator. | Heparin
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| Indicates the type of antigen or marker located on the surface of a Red blood celles | A, B, AB, O
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| Is a universal donor, lack A and B antigens | O
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| Is the universal acceptor | AB
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| Steps 1-4 of the life cycle of a red blood cell | 1. Hemoatopoiesis-formation begins in the epiphysis of bone. 2. Hemocytoblasts stem cells-origin of all formed cells. 3. Myeloid cell formation- gives rise to reticulocytes 4. Reticulocytes unable to synthesize proteins, grow or divide.
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| Steps 5-7 of the life cycle of a red blood cell | 5. Rbc's age, becoming rigid, & begin to fragment & fall apart 6. Damaged or worn out rbc's rupture when passing through liver or spleen. 7. Macrophages phagotizes units, sending bilirubin & heme to liver to recycle as platelets.
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| Step 8 of the life cycle of a red blood cell | 8. Negative feedback is controlled by erythropoietin in response to oxygen levels. If enough cells are destroyed, oxygen levels will drop and the hormone will stimulate hematopoiesis to begin again.
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