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NAU A&P 13 & 14
NAU Endocrine System, Blood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In Latin, means "acorn" | Glands |
| Types of glands according to their secretions destinations | Endocrine and Exocrine Glands |
| External glands, secrete products to exit the cell or body OR go into the lumen of another organ. | Exocrine Glands |
| Internal glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to reach target cells. These glands and their hormones help regulate how the body works-its metabolism | Endocrine Glands |
| Chemical messengers that literally " to arouse, to set into motion, or urge on" | Hormones |
| 2 classes of hormones | Non-steroids and Steroids |
| Non-steroid classifications | Amines, Protein, Glycoproteins, Peptides and Prostaglandins |
| Steroid classifications | Sex hormones and Adrenal cortex secretions |
| Derived from the amino acid tyrosine-epinephrine and norepinephrine OR adrenaline or noradrenaline | Amines |
| Composed of long chains of amino acids. PTH-parathyroid, GH-Growth Hormone and PRL-prolactin | Protein |
| Proteins joined to carbohydrates. FSH-Folicle stimulating , LH- Lutenizing and TSH- Thyroid stimulating Hormones, all found in anterior portion of pituitary gland. | Glycoproteins |
| Short chains of amino acids. ADH-Antidiuretic, OT-Oxytocin, TRH-Thyroptin releasing, SS- Somatostantin and GnRH-Gonadotropin releasing | Peptides |
| Fatty acids produced in a wide variety of cells all over the body. | Prostaglandins |
| Amino acid compounds that do NOT dissolve in lipids | Non-Steroidal Hormones |
| Lipid based derived from cholesterol that dissolves in lipids. | Steroids |
| The cells that the hormones will be acting upon. | Target cells |
| Sequence of Non-Steroidal Hormone Using Cyclic AMP Steps 1-3 | 1. Endocrine gland secretes hormone 2. Body fluid carries hormone to its target cell. 3. Hormone combines w/ receptor site on membrane of its target cell, activating G protein (messenger) |
| Sequence of Non-Steroidal Hormone Using Cyclic AMP Steps 4-6 | 4. G protein then activates adenylate cyclase (integral protein) with its active site facing inside the cell. 5. Adenylate cyclase functions to remove the 2 phosphate groups from ATP converting it into cyclic AMP 6. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinases |
| Sequence of Non-Steroidal Hormone Using Cyclic AMP Steps 7-8 | 7. These enzymes collectively change the metabolic processes within the cell. 8. Resulting in the hormone's effects (ie secretion of product) |
| Sequence of Steroid Hormone Action. Steps 1-3 | 1. Endocrine gland secretes steroid hormone to be carried via blood to target cell. 2. Steroid hormone diffuses through the target cell membrane & enters cytoplasm or nucleus 3. Hormone combines w/a receptor site molecule in the cytoplasm or nucleus. |
| Sequence of Steroid Hormone Action. Steps 4-6 | 4. Steroid hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA & promotes transcription of messenger RNA. 5. Messenger RNA enters the cytoplasm & directs protein synthesis. 6. Newly synthesized proteins produce hormone's specific effects. |
| The control source that brings conditions back to normal, effectors gradually reduce until they shut down | Negative Feedback |
| Negative Feedback Steps | 1. Hormonal Stimulus 2. Neutral Stimulus 3. Humoral Stimulus |
| RH (Releasing hormone) from the hypothalamus releases hormones from the anterior portion of the pituitary gland (trophic-"nourishment" hormones) In this case. Nourishment = Stimulation | Hormonal Stimulus |
| Trophic also known as | Stimulate to release |
| Nervous system directly stimulates some glands. Ex: Adrenal Medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine OR adrenaline and noradrenaline | Neutral Stimulus |
| High blood levels of a given hormone (or its predecessors or products) serve to "turn off" or inhibit further section of that hormone. | Humoral Stimulus |
| Means blood | Humoral |
| Endocrine Glands | 1. Pituitary 2. Thyroid 3. Parathyroids 4. Adrenal Medulla 5. Adrenal Cortex 6. Pancreatic Islets 7. Pineal Gland |
| 2 Lobes of the Pituitary Gland | Anterior Lobe and Posterior Lobe |
| Hormones of the Anterior lobe of the Pituitary Gland | GH-Growth Hormone, FSH-Follicle Stimulating Hormone, PRL-Prolactin, LH-Luteinizing hormone and ICSH- Reproductive Hormones, TSH- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone |
| Hormones that contains FSH and LH | ICSH |
| Hormones of the Posterior lobe of the Pituitary Gland | ADH-Antidiuretic hormone and Oxycytocin |
| Master gland, effects other glands | Pituitary Gland or Hypophysis |
| Lobe in which hormones are produced in the hypothalamus and stored here | Posterior Lobe |
| Frontal lobe of pituitary gland | Anterior Lobe |
| Is H-shaped, located in the throat, regulates calcium in the bone | Thyroid |
| 4 tiny little glands on the thyroid gland, shaped like top hats. | Parathyroids |
| Hormones in the inner portion of the gland, located on top of the kidneys | Adrenal Medulla |
| Makes up the bulk of the adrenal gland, located on the kidneys | Adrenal Cortex |
| Where the endocrine hormones of the pancreas are locatd | Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans |
| Melatonin hormone details | Found in Pineal gland, involved with bio-rhythms, deals with mood swings, sexual desires and sleep cycles |
| Tropical hormones details | Found in hypothalamus, regulates other hormones and id not regulated by anything |
| Oxytocin hormone details | Found in posterior portion of the pituitary gland, Provides uterus contractions and milk "let down". Regulated by hypothalamus in response to uterine stretching & suckling |
| ADH- Antidiuretic hormone details | Is a peptide and non-steroidal. Found in posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, Gives water retention and constriction of the blood vessels. Regulated by hypothalamus to balance water and salt |
| Antidiuretic is also known as | Vasopressin |
| GH-Growth hormone details | Is a protein, non-steroidal, found in anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, involves growth, regulated by the Hypothalamus |
| PRL-Prolactin hormone details | Found in anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, stimulates milk production and is regulated by the hypothalamus |
| FSH- Follicle stimulating hormone details | Found in anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, causes female to release egg, production of sperm and ova. Regulated by the hypothalamus |
| LH- Lutenizing hormone details | Is a glycoprotein, non-steroidal. Found in anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Stimulates testes for sperm reproduction, and ovaries. Found in hypothalamus. |
| TSH-Thyroid stimulating hormone details | Found in anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Stimulates thyroid. Regulated by the hypothalamus and thyroxine. |
| ACTH- Adrenocorticotropic hormone details | Found in anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids. Regulated by hypothalamus and Glucocorticoids |
| T4- Thyroxine and T3-Triiodothyronine hormone details | Found in thyroid. Stimulates metabolism by increasing physical and mental activities. Regulated by TSH- Thyroid stimulating hormone |
| Calcitonin or Thyrocalcitonin hormone details | Found in thyroid. Reduces blood calcium levels. Regulated by calcium in blood. |
| PTH-Parathyroid hormone details | Found in parathyroid. Raises blood calcium levels Regulated by calcium in blood. |
| Thymosin hormone details | Found in thymus. Programs "T" lymphocyctes. Unknown regulation |
| Is located behind sternum and in front of the heart. Is active childhood for metabolism and only lymphatic activities as an adult | Thymus |
| Makes up Adrenal hormones | Adrenal Medulla and Adrenal Cortex |
| Epinephrine & Norepinephrine OR Adrenaline and noradrenaline hormone details | Found in Adrenal Medulla. Raises blood glucose , increases rate of metabolism, constricts certain blood vessels. Regulated by sympathetic division of nervous system. |
| Epinephrine & Norepinephrine OR Adrenaline and noradrenaline are also called | Catecholamines |
| Glucocorticoids hormone details | Found in adrenal cortex. Raises blood glucose. Regulated by ACTH- Adrenocortico-Tropic |
| Metabolizes sugar | Gluococorticoids |
| Mineralocorticoids or Aldoesterone hormone details | Found in adrenal cortex. Promotes reabsorption of Sodium and Potassium in kidneys. Regulated by changes in blood volume or pressure; the sodium and potassium levels in blood |
| Sex hormones | Found in adrenal cortex. |
| Insulin hormone details | Beta cells. Found in Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans. Reduces blood glucose. Regulated by glucose levels in blood. |
| Glucagon hormone details | Alpha cells. Found in Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans. Raises blood glucose. Regulated by glucose levels in blood. |
| Somatostatin hormone details | Delta cells. Found in Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans. Inhibits secretion of Glucagons and insulin. Unknown regulation. |
| Androgen hormone details | Found in Gonads and testes. Stimulates sexual maturation. Regulated by FSH and LH. |
| Estrogen hormone details | Found in ovaries. Stimulates sexual maturation. Regulated by FSH and LH |
| Progesterone hormone details | Found in ovaries. Promotes growth of uterine lining. Regulated by FSH and LH. |
| 2 types of Stress | Physical and physiological stress |
| Threatens tissues directly, anything that affects us physically, sick or hurt | Physical stress |
| Results from thoughts about real or imagined dangers, personal losses, unpleasant social interactions or the lack thereof or any threatening factors. | Psychological Stress |
| Functions of the blood 1-5 | 1. Gas transport 2.Nutrient, electrolyte & vitamin transport to cells 3. Waste transport from cells 4. Hormone transport from production site to target 5. Keep body pH balanced |
| Functions of the blood 6-9 | 6. Regulates tissue fluid 7. Heat transportation 8. Carries cells & antibodies to fight infection 9. Carries binding proteins that prevent coagulation |
| 2 divisions of blood | Plasma and formed elements |
| Straw or yellowish color of the fluid portion of the circulating blood | Plasma |
| Blood consists of: | Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma |
| Plasma consists of: | Albumin, Clotting Factors, Antibodies and Compliment |
| Protein responsible for for maintaining the osmotic pressure in the blood, produced in the liver. | Albumin |
| Aids in coagulation and is produced in the liver | Clotting factors |
| Fights infections, produced by certain white blood cells | Antibodies |
| A group of enzymes that aid antibodies in their fight against infection. | Complement |
| Makes up formed elements: | Erythrocytes or Red blood cells; Leukocytes or White blood cells and Platelets |
| Red cells that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. Lives for 90 days. | Red blood cells or Erythrocytes |
| White cells that protect against infection. | White blood cells or Leukocytes |
| Diseases caused by an overgrowth of white blood cells or leukocytes. | Lupus or leukemia |
| 2 categories of Leukocyctes | Granulocytes and Agranulocytes |
| White blood cells that have a granular cytoplasm | Granulocytes |
| White blood cells that have a nongranular cytoplasm | Agranulocytes |
| Types of granulocytes | Neutophils, Eosinophils and Basophils |
| Fine cytoplasmic granules, has a lobed nucleus, is lavender colored, first to arrive at the site of an infection. | Neutophils |
| Pink or red colored, has course cytoplasmic granules, moderates allergic reactions and defends against parasitic worm infestations. | Eosinophils |
| Deep blue colored, fewer irregularly shaped cytoplasmic granules, releases histamine, which promotes inflammation and heparin, which inhibits blood clotting, thus increasing blood flow to injured tissues. | Basophils |
| Types of agranulocytes | Monocytes and Lymphocytes |
| Largest blood cells, leaves the bloodstream to become macrophages that phagotizes bacteria, dead cells and other debris in tissues. | Monocytes |
| Slightly larger than erythrocytes, T-cells and B-cells, both important in immunity. | Lymphocytes |
| Directly attacks microorganisms, tumor cells and transported cells | T cells |
| Produces antibodies which are proteins that attack foreign molecules. | B cells |
| Cell fragments that participate in blood clotting, cells do not have nuclei or DNA. | Thrombocytes or platelets |
| Hemostaisis- Blood stoppage may occur by ways 1-2 | 1. Blood vessel spasm-vasospasm-vasoconstriction 2.Platelet plug formation- utilizing platelets & collagen fibers. |
| Hemostaisis- Blood stoppage may occur by ways 3-4 | 3. Extrinsic clotting- blood contacts damaged vessel walls or tissues outside blood vessels. 4. Intrinsic clotting mechanism- when blood comes into contact with something other than smooth epithelial tissue initiating clotting from inside the vessel. |
| Ways to prevent clotting or coagulation: | 1. Smooth lining of blood vessel 2. Postscyclin 3. Fibrin threads 4. Antithrombin in fibers 5. Heparin |
| Prevents clotting by inhibiting platelets from attaching to blood vessel walls | Postacyclin |
| Prevents clotting by absorbing thrombin | Fibrin thread |
| Prevents clotting by interfering with thrombin action | Antithrombin in plasma |
| Prevents clotting by cells being located predominately in the liver and lungs, interferes with the formation of prothrombin activator. | Heparin |
| Indicates the type of antigen or marker located on the surface of a Red blood celles | A, B, AB, O |
| Is a universal donor, lack A and B antigens | O |
| Is the universal acceptor | AB |
| Steps 1-4 of the life cycle of a red blood cell | 1. Hemoatopoiesis-formation begins in the epiphysis of bone. 2. Hemocytoblasts stem cells-origin of all formed cells. 3. Myeloid cell formation- gives rise to reticulocytes 4. Reticulocytes unable to synthesize proteins, grow or divide. |
| Steps 5-7 of the life cycle of a red blood cell | 5. Rbc's age, becoming rigid, & begin to fragment & fall apart 6. Damaged or worn out rbc's rupture when passing through liver or spleen. 7. Macrophages phagotizes units, sending bilirubin & heme to liver to recycle as platelets. |
| Step 8 of the life cycle of a red blood cell | 8. Negative feedback is controlled by erythropoietin in response to oxygen levels. If enough cells are destroyed, oxygen levels will drop and the hormone will stimulate hematopoiesis to begin again. |
Created by:
FKrouse
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