Composition of Blood- Function of Erythrocytes
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| Total Blood Volume | 5.5-5.6 L
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| Plasma part of blood | 3-4 L
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| % of Plasma that is Water | 91-93%
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| % of Plasma that is Proteins | 7-9%
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| Functions of Blood | Carry oxygen
Acid Base Buffer System
Inflammation and Immune mechanisms
Hemostasis
Homeostasis
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| Plasma proteins | Albumin, Globulins, Fibrinogen
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| Alpha and Beta Globulins | Produced by the liver, important in vitamin transport
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| Gamma Globulins | Produced by lymphocytes and function in immunity
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| Affect of decreaed Albumins | Edema (complication in pt's with liver or kidney disease
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| Fibrinogen | Precursor to fibrin which is important in blodd clotting
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| Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell | Cell from which all blood cells are derived
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| Two major blood cell lineages | Myeloid and Lymphoid
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| Myeloid Precursor Cells turn into: | Proerythroblasts, Polymorphalnuclear cells, and mgakaryocytes
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| Proerythroblasts become | Red Blood Cells
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| Polymophalnuclear cells become | Granulocytes
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| Granulocytes become | *Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
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| Monocyte fate | travel through the ciruculation to become a macrophage
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| Lymphoid cells become | T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes
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| Hemoglobin can bind | oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions
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| Where carbonic anhydrase is stored | Red Blood Cells
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| What happens to concentration of hemoglobin as RBC develops | decreases
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| What happens to organelles and nuclues of hemoglobin as RBC develops | oganelles are lost and nucleus condenses
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| What an RBC is called before it leaves the bone marrow | Reticulocyte
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| Final shape of an RBC | Biconcave disc
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| Avg. lifespan of RBC | 120 days
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| RBC's ability to produce ATP and metabolize glucose | limited
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| Effects of too many RBCs | increase in blood viscosity and impedes blood flow
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| Major RBC production hormone | erythropoietin
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| Site of erythropoietin production | kidney
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| Factors that cause increased secretion of erythropoietin | anemia, altitude, hemorrage, circulatory disease, cardiac failure, pulmonary disease
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| time between erythropoeitin release and increase in RBCs | 5 days
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| Essential nutritional elements for production of RBCs | Vitamin B12 and folic acid
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| Effect of inadequate folic acid and vitamin B12 | maturation failure of RBCs
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| Common cause of vit. B12 deficiency | lack of intrinisc factor secreted from stomach cells
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| storage of B12 in liver | 3-4 years worth
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| Element required for Hgb synthsis | Iron
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| Number of chains on one Hgb molecule | 4
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| Number of O one heme can cary | 1
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| Number of O atoms that can be carried by 1 Hgb | 8
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| Number of molecular O that can be carried on 1 Hgb | 4 (O2)
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| Things that cause Hgb to release O2 | Increase in H+
Increase in CO2
Increase in temp
Increase in 2,3 DPG
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| Where most of the daily requirements for iron come from | recycling RBCs
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| Iron is stored in the liver as | ferritin
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| Excess iron is stored as | hemosiderin (which can be toxic)
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| Once ingested iron is absorbed into the circulation and bings with | apotransferrin
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| Major site for destruction of old, fragile RBCs | Spleen
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| Fate of release Hgb from dead RBCs | phagocytosed by macrophages and returned to the liver for storage or transportaed to teh bone marrow for projuction of new Hgb
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| Fate of other breakdown products of RBC | converted to billirubin
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| Cause for jaundice | inceased hemolysis
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| Important rxn for blood acid-base balance | H20 + CO2 <---carbonic anhydrase---> H+ +HCO3-
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| Anemia | deficiency of Hgb which can be due to either a decreased total number of RBCs or due to a dereased amount of Hgb/RBC
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| Results of anemia | -Inadequate transport of O2 to the tissues
-Greater workload on the heart
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| Common signs and symptoms of anemia | -Dyspnea (SOB)
-Tachycardia
-Palpitations
-Decreased exercise tolerance
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| Polycythemia | Condition in which there are too many RBCs, results in an increase in the viscosity of the blood and therefore sluggish bloodflow
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| Secondary polycythemia | occurs in situations whenever there is too little oxygen delivery to the tissues, common causes are altitude and cardiac failure
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| Hematocrit varies with | gender and age
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| Avg. hematocrit for males | 42-52% (avg 45%)
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| Avg. hematocrit for females | 37-47% (avg 42%)
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| Hematocrit values and guidelines for exercise | < 25% = no exercise
25-29% = light exercise
30% = add resistance as tolerated
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| Normal hemoglobin levels for females | 14 g/dL
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| Normal hemoglobin levels for males | 16 g/dL
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| Hemoglobin levels and exercise guidelines | < 8 g/dL = no exercise
8-10 g/dL = light exercise
> 10 g/dL = add resistance as tolerated
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