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CSD- Blood
Composition of Blood- Function of Erythrocytes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Total Blood Volume | 5.5-5.6 L |
| Plasma part of blood | 3-4 L |
| % of Plasma that is Water | 91-93% |
| % of Plasma that is Proteins | 7-9% |
| Functions of Blood | Carry oxygen Acid Base Buffer System Inflammation and Immune mechanisms Hemostasis Homeostasis |
| Plasma proteins | Albumin, Globulins, Fibrinogen |
| Alpha and Beta Globulins | Produced by the liver, important in vitamin transport |
| Gamma Globulins | Produced by lymphocytes and function in immunity |
| Affect of decreaed Albumins | Edema (complication in pt's with liver or kidney disease |
| Fibrinogen | Precursor to fibrin which is important in blodd clotting |
| Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell | Cell from which all blood cells are derived |
| Two major blood cell lineages | Myeloid and Lymphoid |
| Myeloid Precursor Cells turn into: | Proerythroblasts, Polymorphalnuclear cells, and mgakaryocytes |
| Proerythroblasts become | Red Blood Cells |
| Polymophalnuclear cells become | Granulocytes |
| Granulocytes become | *Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils |
| Monocyte fate | travel through the ciruculation to become a macrophage |
| Lymphoid cells become | T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes |
| Hemoglobin can bind | oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions |
| Where carbonic anhydrase is stored | Red Blood Cells |
| What happens to concentration of hemoglobin as RBC develops | decreases |
| What happens to organelles and nuclues of hemoglobin as RBC develops | oganelles are lost and nucleus condenses |
| What an RBC is called before it leaves the bone marrow | Reticulocyte |
| Final shape of an RBC | Biconcave disc |
| Avg. lifespan of RBC | 120 days |
| RBC's ability to produce ATP and metabolize glucose | limited |
| Effects of too many RBCs | increase in blood viscosity and impedes blood flow |
| Major RBC production hormone | erythropoietin |
| Site of erythropoietin production | kidney |
| Factors that cause increased secretion of erythropoietin | anemia, altitude, hemorrage, circulatory disease, cardiac failure, pulmonary disease |
| time between erythropoeitin release and increase in RBCs | 5 days |
| Essential nutritional elements for production of RBCs | Vitamin B12 and folic acid |
| Effect of inadequate folic acid and vitamin B12 | maturation failure of RBCs |
| Common cause of vit. B12 deficiency | lack of intrinisc factor secreted from stomach cells |
| storage of B12 in liver | 3-4 years worth |
| Element required for Hgb synthsis | Iron |
| Number of chains on one Hgb molecule | 4 |
| Number of O one heme can cary | 1 |
| Number of O atoms that can be carried by 1 Hgb | 8 |
| Number of molecular O that can be carried on 1 Hgb | 4 (O2) |
| Things that cause Hgb to release O2 | Increase in H+ Increase in CO2 Increase in temp Increase in 2,3 DPG |
| Where most of the daily requirements for iron come from | recycling RBCs |
| Iron is stored in the liver as | ferritin |
| Excess iron is stored as | hemosiderin (which can be toxic) |
| Once ingested iron is absorbed into the circulation and bings with | apotransferrin |
| Major site for destruction of old, fragile RBCs | Spleen |
| Fate of release Hgb from dead RBCs | phagocytosed by macrophages and returned to the liver for storage or transportaed to teh bone marrow for projuction of new Hgb |
| Fate of other breakdown products of RBC | converted to billirubin |
| Cause for jaundice | inceased hemolysis |
| Important rxn for blood acid-base balance | H20 + CO2 <---carbonic anhydrase---> H+ +HCO3- |
| Anemia | deficiency of Hgb which can be due to either a decreased total number of RBCs or due to a dereased amount of Hgb/RBC |
| Results of anemia | -Inadequate transport of O2 to the tissues -Greater workload on the heart |
| Common signs and symptoms of anemia | -Dyspnea (SOB) -Tachycardia -Palpitations -Decreased exercise tolerance |
| Polycythemia | Condition in which there are too many RBCs, results in an increase in the viscosity of the blood and therefore sluggish bloodflow |
| Secondary polycythemia | occurs in situations whenever there is too little oxygen delivery to the tissues, common causes are altitude and cardiac failure |
| Hematocrit varies with | gender and age |
| Avg. hematocrit for males | 42-52% (avg 45%) |
| Avg. hematocrit for females | 37-47% (avg 42%) |
| Hematocrit values and guidelines for exercise | < 25% = no exercise 25-29% = light exercise 30% = add resistance as tolerated |
| Normal hemoglobin levels for females | 14 g/dL |
| Normal hemoglobin levels for males | 16 g/dL |
| Hemoglobin levels and exercise guidelines | < 8 g/dL = no exercise 8-10 g/dL = light exercise > 10 g/dL = add resistance as tolerated |
Created by:
aglade
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