Anatomy & Physiology Articulation/Joints Midterm Study
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| SYNARTHROSES | IMMOVABLE JOINTS. NO MOTION (Ex. Sternocostal, tibiofibular)
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| AMPHIARTHROSES | SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE JOINTS (Ex. Vertebral Bodies, pubic bones)
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| DIARTHROSES | FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS (Ex. most appendicular)
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| 3 TYPES OF JOINTS: | FIBROUS, CARTILAGINOUS, SYNOVIAL
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| FIBROUS JOINTS (SYNARTHROSES) | FIBROUS JOINTS ONLY; NO CAVITY.
FEW AMPHIARTHROTIC; MOSTLY SYNARTHROTIC
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| FIBROUS JOINTS: 3 TYPES | SUTURES, SYNDESMOSES, GOMPHOSES
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| SUTURES | (Ex. Skull, Interdigitating articulating bone.
SUTURES CONTAIN: FIBROUS CT (Until adulthood when they OSSIFY (synostoses) BECOMING BONY JUNCTIONS
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| SYNDESMOSES | (Ex. Tibiofibular joint, distal ends)
BONES CONNECT VIA FILAMENTOUS SHEET OR CORD. FIBERS ARE LONGER THAN IN SUTURES, SLIGHTY MORE RESILIENT. (SYNARTHROTIC)
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| GOMPHOSES | (Ex. Fibrous connection = periodontal ligament) ARTICULATION OF TOOTH WITH BONY AVEOLAR SOCKET.
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| FUNCTIONS OF FIBROUS JOINTS | CONNECTS FLAT BONES LIKE A JIGSAW PUZZLE.
FIBROUS BAND CALLED LIGAMENT CONNECT THE BONES.
CONNECTS ROOT & JAW & TEETH TO SOCKET OF JAWBONE.
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| CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS (AMPHIARTHROSES) | MOST CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS ALLOW SOME MOTION AND ARE AMPHIARTHROTIC.
ARTICULATING BONES ARE UNITED BY CARTILAGE.
LACK A JOINT CAVITY.
CHONDR/O = CARTILAGE
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| CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS: 2 TYPES | SYNCHONDROSES, SYMPHYSES
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| SYNCHONDROSES | HYALINE CARTILAGE UNITES BONES AT A SYNCHONDROSIS (Temporary Joints; Sites of Bone Growth).
CARTILAGE IS REPLACED BY BONE (SYNOSTOTIC)
Ex. Synarthrotic Epiphyseal Plate and Manubrium/1st Rib & functionally amphiarthrotic ribs 2-10
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| SYMPHYSES | ARTICULAR SURFACES OF BONE COVERED BY HYALINE CARTILAGE, FUSED TO A INTERVENING PAD OR PLATE.
(Compressible, Resilient, Functionally Amphiarthrotic.)
Ex. Pubic Symphysis (junction of pubic bones) and Intervertebral discs. Fibro cartilage between bones.
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| SYNOVIAL JOINTS (DIARTHROSES) | MOST SYNOVIAL JOINTS ARE FILLED WITH SYNOVIAL FLUID , WHICH LUBRICATES THE JOINT.
ARTICULAR BONES SEPARATED BY FLUID FILLED JOINT CAVITY.
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| SYNOVIAL: 5 JOINTS OF LIMBS; DIARTHROTIC | 1 ARTICULAR CARTILAGE (HYALINE)
2 JOINT CAVITY
3 ARTICULAR CAPSULE (EXTERNAL FIBROUS CAPSULE &
INTERNAL SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.)
4 SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
5 REINFORCING LIGAMENTS: INTRINSIC, EXTRACAPSULAR, INTRACAPSULAR
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| SYNOVIAL JOINT AXIS OF MOTION: | NONAXIAL, UNIAXIAL, BIAXIAL, MULTIAXIAL
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| NONAXIAL | SLIPPING MOVEMENTS
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| UNIAXIAL | MOVEMENT IN ONE PLANE (Phalanges, radius/ulna, femur/tibia)
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| BIAXIAL | MOVEMENT IN TWO PLANES (Occipital bone/Atlas)
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| MULTIAXIAL | MOVEMENT IN THREE PLANES (Scapula/Humerus, coxal bone/femur)
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| SYNOVIAL JOINT ROM - TYPE OF MOTIONS: | GLIDING, ANGULAR, FLEXION, EXTENSION, ABDUCTION, ADDUCTION, CIRCUMDUCTION, ROTATION
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| GLIDING | BONES DISPLACED IN RELATION TO ONE ANOTHER
Ex. Intercarpal, inntertarsal, intervertebral joints.
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| ANGULAR | CHANGES ANGLE BETWEEN TWO BONES.
Ex. Increase/Decrease angle of a joint.
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| FLEXION/EXTENSION | FLEXION: BENDING; DECREASING ANGLE.
EXTENSION: STRETCHING; INCREASING ANGLE
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| ABDUCTION/ADDUCTION | ABDUCTION: MOVE AWAY FROM MIDLINE. (Spread fingers apart)
ADDUCTION: MOVE TOWARD MIDLINE (Close fingers together)
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| CIRCUMDUCTION | DRAW AROUND, CONICAL SHAPE
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| ROTATION | TURNING MOVEMENT OF A BONE AROUND ITS OWN AXIS.
Ex. Atlas and Axis of the vertebrae.
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| SYNOVIAL JOINTS - TYPES: | PLANE, CONDYLOID, SADDLE, HINGE, PIVOT, BALL-AND-SOCKET.
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| JOINTS ARE CLASSIFIED BY: | STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
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| FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION: 3 TYPES | SYNARTHROSES
DIARTHROSES
AMPHIARTHOSES
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| STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION: 3 TYPES | FIBROUS JOINTS
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
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| SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE | SECRETES A WATERY FLUID CALLED SYNOVIAL FLUID
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| SYNOVIAL FLUID | SIMILAR TO BLOOD PLASMA WITHOUT PROTEINS.
PERMITS FRICTIONLESS MOTION.
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| JOINT CAPSULE | MADE OF DENSE IRREGULAR COLLEGENOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE.
PROVIDES STRENGTH AND STRUCTURAL REINFORCEMENT.
LINED BY SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.
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| ARTICULAR CARTILAGE | ARTICULATING ENDS OF BONES AE COVERED (USUALLY HYALINE CARTILAGE).
PROVIDES SMOOTH, NEARLY FRICTIONLESS SURFACE FOR ARTICULATION.
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| LIGAMENTS | BONES ARE HELD TOGETHER BY LIGAMENTS.
REINFORCE THE JOINT.
INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC LIGAMENTS ARE A PART OF AND OUTSIDE THE JOINT CAPSULE.
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| ARTICULAR DISCS - MENISCI | ARTICULAR DISCS OF FIBROCARTILAGE PADS.
PROVIDE IMPROVED FIT OF TWO BONES TO PREVENT DISLOCATION
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| ACL/PCL - ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENTS | ANTERIOR CRUCIATE: EXTENDS FROM ANT. TIBIAL PLATEAU TO LATERAL FEMORAL CONDYLE.
FUNCTION: PREVENT HYPEREXTENSION OF KNEE
POSTERIOR CRUIATE: EXTENDS FROM POST. TIBIAL PLATEAU TO MEDIAL FEMORAL.
FUNCTION: PREVENT POST. DISPLACEMENT OF TIBIA ON FEMUR
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| MEDIAL/LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENTS MLC/LCL | MEDIAL AND LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENTS EXTEND FROM MEDIAL TIBIA AND LATERAL FIBULA TO FEMUR.
FUNCTION: RESIST VARUS AND VALGUS (MEDIAL AND LATERAL) STRESSES.
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| BURSAE | FLUID FILLED SACS AROUND JOINT OF KNEE, TO REDUCE FRICTION AROUND KNEE AS IT MOVES.
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| SYNOVIAL JOINT TYPE MOVEMENTS: PLANE | PLANE - FLAT SURFACES ALLOW GLIDING PAST OTHER BONES
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| SYNOVIAL JOINT TYPE MOVEMENTS: HINGE | HINGE - ELBOW (CONVEX SURFACE OF ONE BONE, FITS INTO CONCAVE ARTICULATION SURFACE OF ANOTHER.)
BONES FIT LIKE HINGE OF A DOOR.
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| SYNOVIAL JOINT TYPE MOVEMENTS: PIVOT | PIVOT - BONE ROTATES AROUND ANOTHER. (USUALLY HAS A ROUNDED PROJECTION THAT FITS INTO ANOTHER GROOVE OF ANOTHER BONE.)
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| SYNOVIAL JOINT TYPE MOVEMENTS: CONDYLOID | CONDYLOID - ONE BONE THAT FITS INTO THE CONCAVE SURFACE OF ANOTHER.
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| SYNOVIAL JOINT TYPE MOVEMENTS: SADDLE | SADDLE - RESEMBLE CONDYLOID JOINTS BUT PERMIT GREATER RANGE OF MOVEMENT
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| SYNOVIAL JOINT TYPE MOVEMENTS: BALL-AND-SOCKET | BALL-AND-JOINT ARE ROUNDED, BALL LIKE END OF BONE THAT FITS INTO THE CONCAVE SOCKET OF ANOTHER BONE (SHOULDER)
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| FLEXION | MOVEMENT IN ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR PLANE.
DECREASES ANGLE AT THE JOINT.
(Ex. Neck, Head, Hip)
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| EXTENSION | MOVEMENT IN ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR PLANE.
INCREASES ANGLE AT THE JOINT.
Ex. When laying flat, all major axis/appendicular skeletal joints are at full extension)
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| HYPEREXTENSION | EXTENDS PAST ANATOMICAL POSITION.
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| FLEXION | VERTEBREAL COLUMN BENDS TO SIDE AT CERVICAL/THROACIC REGIONS.
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| DORSIFLEXION | MOVEMENT OF ANKLE THAT DECREASES ANGLE BETWEEN FOOT AND LEG.
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| PLANTAR FLEXION | EXTENDS AT ANKLE (Pointing Toes, Standing on tiptoes)
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| MEDIAL/LATERAL ROTATION | MEDIAL: TOWARD TRUNK (INTERNAL) (Palms down)
LATERAL: OUTWARD/AWAY FROM TRUNK (EXTERNAL) (Palms up)
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| OPPOSITION | TOUCHING THUMB TO PINKI. (1ST CARPOMETACARPAL TO THE 5TH METACARPOPHALANGEAL)
AKA GRASPING
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| PROTRACTION/RETRACTION | MOVING A BODY PART AWAY ANTERIORALLY IN HORIZONTAL PLANE.
Ex. Extending jaw outward
RETRACTION: Ex. Moving jaw inward to normal
Ex. Clavicles protract when you cross your arms
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| DEPRESSION/ELEVATION | DEPRESSION: BODY PART MOVES INFERIORLY -
ELEVATION: LIFTING BODY STRUCTURE SUPERIORLY
Ex. Opening and closing jaws/mouth.
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| INVERSION/EVERSION | INVERSION: TWISTING OF FOOT INWARD, TURING SOLE INWARD, ELEVATING MEDIAL SOLE.
EVERSION: TWISTING/TURNING OF FOOT OUTWARD
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| PRONATION | TURNING PALM OVER TO FACE DOWN POSTERIORLY
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| SUPINATION | TURNING PALM UP ANTERIORLY
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