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A&P Tissues & Terms
Anatomy & Physiology Articulation/Joints Midterm Study
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| SYNARTHROSES | IMMOVABLE JOINTS. NO MOTION (Ex. Sternocostal, tibiofibular) |
| AMPHIARTHROSES | SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE JOINTS (Ex. Vertebral Bodies, pubic bones) |
| DIARTHROSES | FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS (Ex. most appendicular) |
| 3 TYPES OF JOINTS: | FIBROUS, CARTILAGINOUS, SYNOVIAL |
| FIBROUS JOINTS (SYNARTHROSES) | FIBROUS JOINTS ONLY; NO CAVITY. FEW AMPHIARTHROTIC; MOSTLY SYNARTHROTIC |
| FIBROUS JOINTS: 3 TYPES | SUTURES, SYNDESMOSES, GOMPHOSES |
| SUTURES | (Ex. Skull, Interdigitating articulating bone. SUTURES CONTAIN: FIBROUS CT (Until adulthood when they OSSIFY (synostoses) BECOMING BONY JUNCTIONS |
| SYNDESMOSES | (Ex. Tibiofibular joint, distal ends) BONES CONNECT VIA FILAMENTOUS SHEET OR CORD. FIBERS ARE LONGER THAN IN SUTURES, SLIGHTY MORE RESILIENT. (SYNARTHROTIC) |
| GOMPHOSES | (Ex. Fibrous connection = periodontal ligament) ARTICULATION OF TOOTH WITH BONY AVEOLAR SOCKET. |
| FUNCTIONS OF FIBROUS JOINTS | CONNECTS FLAT BONES LIKE A JIGSAW PUZZLE. FIBROUS BAND CALLED LIGAMENT CONNECT THE BONES. CONNECTS ROOT & JAW & TEETH TO SOCKET OF JAWBONE. |
| CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS (AMPHIARTHROSES) | MOST CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS ALLOW SOME MOTION AND ARE AMPHIARTHROTIC. ARTICULATING BONES ARE UNITED BY CARTILAGE. LACK A JOINT CAVITY. CHONDR/O = CARTILAGE |
| CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS: 2 TYPES | SYNCHONDROSES, SYMPHYSES |
| SYNCHONDROSES | HYALINE CARTILAGE UNITES BONES AT A SYNCHONDROSIS (Temporary Joints; Sites of Bone Growth). CARTILAGE IS REPLACED BY BONE (SYNOSTOTIC) Ex. Synarthrotic Epiphyseal Plate and Manubrium/1st Rib & functionally amphiarthrotic ribs 2-10 |
| SYMPHYSES | ARTICULAR SURFACES OF BONE COVERED BY HYALINE CARTILAGE, FUSED TO A INTERVENING PAD OR PLATE. (Compressible, Resilient, Functionally Amphiarthrotic.) Ex. Pubic Symphysis (junction of pubic bones) and Intervertebral discs. Fibro cartilage between bones. |
| SYNOVIAL JOINTS (DIARTHROSES) | MOST SYNOVIAL JOINTS ARE FILLED WITH SYNOVIAL FLUID , WHICH LUBRICATES THE JOINT. ARTICULAR BONES SEPARATED BY FLUID FILLED JOINT CAVITY. |
| SYNOVIAL: 5 JOINTS OF LIMBS; DIARTHROTIC | 1 ARTICULAR CARTILAGE (HYALINE) 2 JOINT CAVITY 3 ARTICULAR CAPSULE (EXTERNAL FIBROUS CAPSULE & INTERNAL SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.) 4 SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE 5 REINFORCING LIGAMENTS: INTRINSIC, EXTRACAPSULAR, INTRACAPSULAR |
| SYNOVIAL JOINT AXIS OF MOTION: | NONAXIAL, UNIAXIAL, BIAXIAL, MULTIAXIAL |
| NONAXIAL | SLIPPING MOVEMENTS |
| UNIAXIAL | MOVEMENT IN ONE PLANE (Phalanges, radius/ulna, femur/tibia) |
| BIAXIAL | MOVEMENT IN TWO PLANES (Occipital bone/Atlas) |
| MULTIAXIAL | MOVEMENT IN THREE PLANES (Scapula/Humerus, coxal bone/femur) |
| SYNOVIAL JOINT ROM - TYPE OF MOTIONS: | GLIDING, ANGULAR, FLEXION, EXTENSION, ABDUCTION, ADDUCTION, CIRCUMDUCTION, ROTATION |
| GLIDING | BONES DISPLACED IN RELATION TO ONE ANOTHER Ex. Intercarpal, inntertarsal, intervertebral joints. |
| ANGULAR | CHANGES ANGLE BETWEEN TWO BONES. Ex. Increase/Decrease angle of a joint. |
| FLEXION/EXTENSION | FLEXION: BENDING; DECREASING ANGLE. EXTENSION: STRETCHING; INCREASING ANGLE |
| ABDUCTION/ADDUCTION | ABDUCTION: MOVE AWAY FROM MIDLINE. (Spread fingers apart) ADDUCTION: MOVE TOWARD MIDLINE (Close fingers together) |
| CIRCUMDUCTION | DRAW AROUND, CONICAL SHAPE |
| ROTATION | TURNING MOVEMENT OF A BONE AROUND ITS OWN AXIS. Ex. Atlas and Axis of the vertebrae. |
| SYNOVIAL JOINTS - TYPES: | PLANE, CONDYLOID, SADDLE, HINGE, PIVOT, BALL-AND-SOCKET. |
| JOINTS ARE CLASSIFIED BY: | STRUCTURE & FUNCTION |
| FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION: 3 TYPES | SYNARTHROSES DIARTHROSES AMPHIARTHOSES |
| STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION: 3 TYPES | FIBROUS JOINTS CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS SYNOVIAL JOINTS |
| SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE | SECRETES A WATERY FLUID CALLED SYNOVIAL FLUID |
| SYNOVIAL FLUID | SIMILAR TO BLOOD PLASMA WITHOUT PROTEINS. PERMITS FRICTIONLESS MOTION. |
| JOINT CAPSULE | MADE OF DENSE IRREGULAR COLLEGENOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE. PROVIDES STRENGTH AND STRUCTURAL REINFORCEMENT. LINED BY SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE. |
| ARTICULAR CARTILAGE | ARTICULATING ENDS OF BONES AE COVERED (USUALLY HYALINE CARTILAGE). PROVIDES SMOOTH, NEARLY FRICTIONLESS SURFACE FOR ARTICULATION. |
| LIGAMENTS | BONES ARE HELD TOGETHER BY LIGAMENTS. REINFORCE THE JOINT. INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC LIGAMENTS ARE A PART OF AND OUTSIDE THE JOINT CAPSULE. |
| ARTICULAR DISCS - MENISCI | ARTICULAR DISCS OF FIBROCARTILAGE PADS. PROVIDE IMPROVED FIT OF TWO BONES TO PREVENT DISLOCATION |
| ACL/PCL - ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENTS | ANTERIOR CRUCIATE: EXTENDS FROM ANT. TIBIAL PLATEAU TO LATERAL FEMORAL CONDYLE. FUNCTION: PREVENT HYPEREXTENSION OF KNEE POSTERIOR CRUIATE: EXTENDS FROM POST. TIBIAL PLATEAU TO MEDIAL FEMORAL. FUNCTION: PREVENT POST. DISPLACEMENT OF TIBIA ON FEMUR |
| MEDIAL/LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENTS MLC/LCL | MEDIAL AND LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENTS EXTEND FROM MEDIAL TIBIA AND LATERAL FIBULA TO FEMUR. FUNCTION: RESIST VARUS AND VALGUS (MEDIAL AND LATERAL) STRESSES. |
| BURSAE | FLUID FILLED SACS AROUND JOINT OF KNEE, TO REDUCE FRICTION AROUND KNEE AS IT MOVES. |
| SYNOVIAL JOINT TYPE MOVEMENTS: PLANE | PLANE - FLAT SURFACES ALLOW GLIDING PAST OTHER BONES |
| SYNOVIAL JOINT TYPE MOVEMENTS: HINGE | HINGE - ELBOW (CONVEX SURFACE OF ONE BONE, FITS INTO CONCAVE ARTICULATION SURFACE OF ANOTHER.) BONES FIT LIKE HINGE OF A DOOR. |
| SYNOVIAL JOINT TYPE MOVEMENTS: PIVOT | PIVOT - BONE ROTATES AROUND ANOTHER. (USUALLY HAS A ROUNDED PROJECTION THAT FITS INTO ANOTHER GROOVE OF ANOTHER BONE.) |
| SYNOVIAL JOINT TYPE MOVEMENTS: CONDYLOID | CONDYLOID - ONE BONE THAT FITS INTO THE CONCAVE SURFACE OF ANOTHER. |
| SYNOVIAL JOINT TYPE MOVEMENTS: SADDLE | SADDLE - RESEMBLE CONDYLOID JOINTS BUT PERMIT GREATER RANGE OF MOVEMENT |
| SYNOVIAL JOINT TYPE MOVEMENTS: BALL-AND-SOCKET | BALL-AND-JOINT ARE ROUNDED, BALL LIKE END OF BONE THAT FITS INTO THE CONCAVE SOCKET OF ANOTHER BONE (SHOULDER) |
| FLEXION | MOVEMENT IN ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR PLANE. DECREASES ANGLE AT THE JOINT. (Ex. Neck, Head, Hip) |
| EXTENSION | MOVEMENT IN ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR PLANE. INCREASES ANGLE AT THE JOINT. Ex. When laying flat, all major axis/appendicular skeletal joints are at full extension) |
| HYPEREXTENSION | EXTENDS PAST ANATOMICAL POSITION. |
| FLEXION | VERTEBREAL COLUMN BENDS TO SIDE AT CERVICAL/THROACIC REGIONS. |
| DORSIFLEXION | MOVEMENT OF ANKLE THAT DECREASES ANGLE BETWEEN FOOT AND LEG. |
| PLANTAR FLEXION | EXTENDS AT ANKLE (Pointing Toes, Standing on tiptoes) |
| MEDIAL/LATERAL ROTATION | MEDIAL: TOWARD TRUNK (INTERNAL) (Palms down) LATERAL: OUTWARD/AWAY FROM TRUNK (EXTERNAL) (Palms up) |
| OPPOSITION | TOUCHING THUMB TO PINKI. (1ST CARPOMETACARPAL TO THE 5TH METACARPOPHALANGEAL) AKA GRASPING |
| PROTRACTION/RETRACTION | MOVING A BODY PART AWAY ANTERIORALLY IN HORIZONTAL PLANE. Ex. Extending jaw outward RETRACTION: Ex. Moving jaw inward to normal Ex. Clavicles protract when you cross your arms |
| DEPRESSION/ELEVATION | DEPRESSION: BODY PART MOVES INFERIORLY - ELEVATION: LIFTING BODY STRUCTURE SUPERIORLY Ex. Opening and closing jaws/mouth. |
| INVERSION/EVERSION | INVERSION: TWISTING OF FOOT INWARD, TURING SOLE INWARD, ELEVATING MEDIAL SOLE. EVERSION: TWISTING/TURNING OF FOOT OUTWARD |
| PRONATION | TURNING PALM OVER TO FACE DOWN POSTERIORLY |
| SUPINATION | TURNING PALM UP ANTERIORLY |
Created by:
MCasler
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