The Digestive System, Metabolism and Energetics
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| The sequence steps by which large food molecules are broken down into their respective building blocks by catalytic enzymes is called? | chemical digestion
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| The propulsive process that moves food from one organ to the next is called? | peristalsis
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| The ____ sphincter, or valve, controls food movement from the stomach into the small intestines. | pyloric
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| Large wrinkle-like folds in the stomach lining, present when the stomach is empty, that allow for expansion when the stomach is filling are called? | rugae
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| Intrinsic factor, produced by cells in the stomach, is necessary for the absorption of vitamin ____ in the small intestine. | B12
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| The three subdivisions of the small intestines are? | duodenum, jejunum and ileum
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| The fingerlike projections of the small intestine increase the surface are and are known as ____. | villi
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| Bile is formed by the _____. | liver
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| The process by which food within the small intestine is mixed with digestive juices by backward and forward movement across the internal wall of the organ is called? | segmentation
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| Deep folds of both the mucosa and submucosa in the small intestine that increase surface are known as? | plicae circulares
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| The process of chewing is known as? | mastication
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| What sphincter regulates the passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach? | esophageal
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| The enzyme produced by the salivary glands used in the breakdown of starches is salivary ___. | amylase
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| The active, voluntary process of placing food in one's mouth is? | ingest
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| When digestion is not occurring in the small intestine, bile is stored in the? | gallbladder
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| The process of eliminating indigestible residues from the GI tract is called? | defecation/excretion
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| Two hormones that promote the release of bile and pancreatic juice into the small intestine are? | secretin and cholecystokinin or CCK
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| The hormone responsible for promoting the release of pepsinogens, mucus, and hydrochloric acid in the stomach is called? | gastrin
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| Hydrochloric acid is necessary in the stomach for the conversion of pepsinogen into its active protein-digesting form called? | pepsin
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| What lymphatic tissue in the submucosa of the small intestine prevents bacteria from entering the blood? | pyers patches
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| The small intestine extends from the ____. (valve to valve) | pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve
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| What organs release secretions into the duodenum of the small intestine? | liver and pancreas
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| Enzymes and bile are carried by the pancreatic duct and bile duct into the? | duodenum
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| List the functions of the small intestines. | (1) mixes food with bile and pancreatic juices
(2) final enzyme breakdown of food molecules
(3) main site of nutrient absorption
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| Name the divisions of the large intestines. | cecum, colon, rectum
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| List the functions of the large intestines. | (1) reabsorb water and compact feces
(2) absorb vitamins by bacteria
(3) store fecal material prior to defecation
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| List the function of the liver. | 1)bile production/excretion
2)excretion of bilirubin/cholesterol/hormones/drugs
3)metabolism of fats/proteins/carbs
4)enzyme activation
5)storage of glycogen/vitamins/minerals
6)synthesis of plasma proteins
7)blood detoxification/purification
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| What is used to increase the surface area of the small intestines? | microvilli, villi, circular folds (plicae circulares)
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| When feces are forced in the rectum by mass movement and the wall of the rectum becomes stretched, the ___ reflex is initiated. | defecation reflex
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| ____ refers to all chemical reactions necessary to maintain life. | metabolism
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| Sugars and starches are types of organic compounds known as ____. | carbohydrates
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| The major fuel for making ATP in most cells of the body is a type of carbohydrate known as? | glucose
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| The three main metabolic pathways involved in cellular respiration are? | glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
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| The process of making glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as fats and proteins, is known as? | gluconeogenesis
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| The lipoprotein that transports cholesterol and other lipids to body cells is called? | low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
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| Proteins are digested to their building blocks which are called? | amino acids
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| In which stage of carbohydrate metabolism is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) produced in greatest quantity during? | the electron transport chain
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| The direct transfer of heat energy from one object to another through physical contact is called? | conduction
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| Heat loss to the cooler air that moves across the surface of your body is called? | convection
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| Factors that influence an individual's BMR (basal metabolic rate)are? | body weight, sex, genetics, and age ***NOT body height, physical exertion***
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| List the fat-soluble vitamins. | vitamin A, D, E and K
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| List the water soluble vitamins. | vitamin B and C
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| The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is? | folic acid (folate), B6
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| The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin? | vitamin D
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| What is meant by an essential nutrient? | a nutrient required for normal body functioning that can not be synthesized by the body
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| Vitamin K is needed for? | blood clotting, but also essential to building strong bones, preventing heart disease and crucial to other bodily proceses
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| Deficiency of this vitamin causes scurvy. | vitamin C
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| To increase the absorptive efficiency of the small intestine, the surface area of the mucosa is increased by the presence of folds in the wall called ___, and projections of the cells membrane called ____. | villi, microvilli
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| What is the order of the small intestine? (from the stomach) | duodenum, jejunum and ileum
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| What enzymes degrades lipids? | pancreatic lipases
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| How is glucose stored in muscle and liver cells? | stored in the form of glycogen. Muscle glycogen is converted into glucose by muscle cells and liver glycogen converts to glucose for use throughout the body
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| *Short Answer* Describe how these chemical reactions assist with blood sugar homeostasis: gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis and glycogenesis. | Gluconeogenesis-to make new glucose from non-carb substrates
Glycogenolysis- to break down glycogen
Glycogenesis- to make glycogen
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| *Short Answer* List and describe four functions of the digestive system. | (1)ingestion- take in food through mouth
(2)Digestion- breakdown food through mechanical & chemical digestion
(3) Absorption- absorb nutrients through walls of intestine
(4) Excretion- eliminate waste through fecal matter
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| Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive track EXCEPT the? | bladder
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| Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion? | pancreas
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| Digestion refers to the? | mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
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| Which of the following is NOT a function of the digestive system? | filtration
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| Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called? | peristalsis
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| The activities of the digestive system are regulation by? | hormones, the contents of the digestive tract, parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons
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| The ___ are double sheets of peritoneal membrane that suspend the visceral organs and carry nerves, lymphatics and blood vessels. | mesenteries
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| A stratified squamous epithelial lining can be found in all of the following EXCEPT in the? | stomach
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| What organ is primarily responsible for water absorption? | large intestine
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| The greater omentum is? | a fatty sheet that hangs like an apron over the abdominal viscera
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| A blockage of the ducts from the parotid glands would? | interfere with carbohydrate digestions in the mouth
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| The prominent ridges in the lining of the empty stomach are called? | rugae
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| The enzyme pepsin digests? | proteins
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| The hormone that stimulates secretion and contraction by the stomach os? | gastrin
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| An intestinal hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile is? | cholecystokinin (CCK)
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| The fusion of the common hepatic duct and cystic duct forms the? | common bile duct
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| Blockage of the common hepatic duct would interfere with digestion of? | fats
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| Identify the INCORRECT pairing. | liver; produces intrinsic factor
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| The sum of all the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called? | metabolism
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| Cells synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons? | structural maintenance, growth and repair, and produces secretions
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| Reactions within ___ provide most of the energy needed by the typical cell. | the mitochondria
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| What percent of energy released from catabolism is lost as heat? | 60
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| The study of the flow of energy and its transformation is called? | energetics
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| The citric acid cycle. | begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid
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| In the electron transport chain, | NADH and FADH2 donate hydrogen atoms, reduced molecules transfer energy to make ATP formation and oxidative phosphorylation leads to ATP formation
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| In glycolysis, each molecule of glucose that is catabolized gives a net yield of how many molecules of ATP? | 2
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