Male reproductive system
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| Pituitary gland | MASTER. G LAND
Secretes hormones that control the functions of other glands
Known as hypophysis
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| Secretes Adrenocorticotropic. = hormone (ACTH) | Stimulates normal growth and development of adrenal cortex and secretions of corticosteroids
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| Secretes thyroid = stimulating hormone ( TSH) | Promotes and maintain normal growth and development of the thyroid gland
Stimulates Secretions of the thyroid hormones
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| Anterior pituitary gland = Also called prolactin | Secretes lactogenic hormone
Promotes development of breast milk during pregnancy
Stimulates secretion of milk from breast after delivery of baby
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| Secretes follicle = stimulating hormones (FSH) | Stimulates secretions of estrogen and production of eggs on female ovaries
Stimulates production of sperm in the male testes
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| Secretes luteinizing hormone ( LH) | Stimulates female ovulation and secretions of testosterone in the male
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| Melanocytes = stimulating hormone (MSH) | Controls intensity of pigmentation (COLOR) in pigmented cells of the skin
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| POSTERIOR Pituitary gland =. Neurohypophysis Secretes anitidiuretic hormone (ADH) | Also known as vasopressin/ decreases excretion of large amounts of urine
Increases Reabsorbtion of water to renal tubules
consentrates urine / increases Reabsorbtion of water by renal tubules maintaining body's water balance
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| Posterior = Secretes oxytocin (OT) | Stimulates contraction of uterus during childbirth
Stimulates release of milk from breasts of lactating woman
In response to sucking reflex of infant
To induce labor in child birth
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| Pineal gland = secretes melatonin | Tiny pine cone shaped gland
Regulates patterns of sleep eating and reproduction
Located on dorsal aspect of midbrain region
Plays a part in supporting the body's biological clock
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| Thyroid gland | Located in the front of the neck just below the larynx on either side of the trachea
Consists of right and left lobes
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| Thyroid gland = Secretes triiodothyronine ( T3) | 3 iodine hormones
Helps regulate growth and development of body
Helps control metabolism and body temperature
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| Thyroid gland = Secretes thyroxine (T4) | Helps maintain normal body metabolism
(T3) helps (T4)
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| Thyroid gland = Secretes calcitonin | Calcitonin comes from the thyroid gland
Helps regulate the level of calcium in the blood
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| Parathyroid glands = Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) | Also known as parathormone
Also regulates calcium in blood
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| Thymus Secretes = thymidine and thymopoietin | Stimulates (T- cells) that are involved in the immune response
Large in fetus and infants
Shrinks with age
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| Thymus gland | Located in the mediastinum (space between the lungs)
Near middle of chest / beneath the sternum
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| Adrenal gland Supra renal glands | Two small glands one atop each kidney
Consists of an adrenal cortex ( outer portion) and an
Adrenal medulla ( inner portion)
Each has independent functions / secreting different hormones
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| Adrenal cortex = secretes mineralocorticoids | Regulates how minerals salts (electrolytes) are processed in the body
(Aldosterone)
Regulates electrolytes
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| Adrenal cortex. = Secretes glucocorticoids | Sex hormones in small amounts
Contribute to secondary sex characteristics in males and females
Cortisone/ hydrocortisone
Influences metabolism of carbohydrates/ fats/ protein in the body
Necessary for maintaining normal blood pressure
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| Adrenal medulla = secretes | Catecholamines / epinphRine=adrenaline
Increased heart rate and force of heart muscle
Dialiates bronchioles in lungs/ decreases peristalsis in intestines
Raises blood pressure by causing liver to convert glycogen into glulcose
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| Adrenal medulla secretes/ carecholamines | Norepinephrine = noradrenaline
Also known as sympathomimetic
Produces vasoconstrictor effect on the blood vessels there by raises blood pressure
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| Pancreas | Elongated gland located in the upper guarantee of the abdomen
Behind the stomach extends horizontally across the body
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| Pancreas= islets of langerhans secretes = glucagon | Increases blood glucose levels by stimulating liver to convert glycogen into glulcose when blood sugar is extremely low
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| Pancreas = islets of langerhans secretes =insulin | Allows glulcose to pass from blood through cell mambranes to be used for energy
Promotes conversion of excess Gloucose into glycogen for storage in the liver for later use
Lowers blood glucose levels
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| Ovaries | Female sex gland= female gonads
Pair of almond shaped glands
Responsible for producing mature ova and releasing them at intervals during ovulation
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| Ovaries = secretes | Estrogen = promotes maturation of ovum in the ovary
Contributes to secondary sex characteristics changes in female with onset of puberty
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| Ovaries = secretes | Progesterone = primarily responsible for changes within the uterus in anticipation of a fertilized ovum
Responsible for development of maternal placenta after implantation of a fertilized ovum
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| Testes= male gonads | Two small ovoid glands located in scrotum other then sperm responsible for secretions of ( androgens= male steroid hormones )
Also responsible for secondary sex characteristic that occur I male with onset
Of puberty
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| Acromegaly / pituitary conditions gland | AFTER PUBERTY
Chronic metabolic condition characterized by the gradual
Noticeable enlargement and elongation of
Bones of the face
Jaw and extremities
Due to hypersecretion of the growth hormone
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| Gigantism | BEFORE PUBERTY
Accelerated abnormal growth mainly in long bones
Proportional overgrowth of body's tissue
DUE TO hypersecretion of humans hormone
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| Diabetes insipidus | Inbalance between salt and water
Deficiency in secretion of anitidiuretic hormone (ADH) by posterior pituitary
Gland
Characterized by large amounts of urine /sodium being secreted from the body
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| Dwarfism | Congenital hypopituitarism /growth retardation of body due to deficiency
Of human growth hormone
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| Hypopituitarism | Complex syndrome resulting from absence or deficiency of pituitary hormones
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| Cancer thyroid gland | Malignant tumor of thyroid gland
Leads to dysfuction of the gland
Inadequate or excessive secretion of the thyroid hormone
Damaged gland
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| Goiter/ simple; nontoxic | Hyperplasia excessive growth of the thyroid gland
Result from deficient amount of iodine in diet
Which is required for synthesis of T 3 and T 4 thyroid hormones produced
By thyroid gland
Increased number of cells / non cancerous
It looks like a
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| Graves' disease (Hyperthyroidism ) | Hypertropy of thyroid gland resulting in excessive secretion of thyroid hormone /causes extremely HIGH metabolism
1 =hyperthyroidism T3 T4 are high
2=goiter =increase in number of cells ( big thyroid )
3=exophthalmia =unnatural protruding of the eye
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| Hypothyroidism | Servere form (myxedema )
water retention in connective tissue/ puffy appearance thick tongue reduced metabolic rate
Condition in which there is a SHORTAGE of thyroid hormone
Cause extremely low body metabolism due to reduced usage of OXYGEN
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| Thyroiditis / hashimoto's | Auto immune disease
Chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland/ leading to enlargement of the thyroid gland
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| Thyrotoxicosis ( thyroid storm ) | Acute sometimes fatal incident of OVERACTIVITY of the thyroid gland resulting in EXCESSIVE secretion of thyroid hormone
May be complication of GRAVES DISEASE
Effects your heart = go into shock
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| hyperparathyroidism ( hyercalcemia) | OVERACTIVITY of any one of the parathyroid glands
High levels of calcium in bones
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| Hypoparathyroidism ( hypocalcemia) | DECREASED production of parathyroid hormone
Nerve and muscle weakness with muscle spasms or tetany
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| Addison's disease | Resulting from an autoimmune process a neoplasm infection or hemorrhage in the gland
Life threatening disease due to failure of the adrenal cortex to secrete adequate mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoid
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| Conn's disease ( primary MAIN aldosteronism) | 1 = condition characterized by excretion of excess amounts of aldosterone
2 =leads to increased volume of blood and hypertension
3=causes body to swell up due to the retention of extra sodium excrete extra potassium
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| Cushing's syndrome | Condition of adrenal gland
Cluster of symptoms occur as a result of excessive amounts of cortisol or ATCH circulating in the blood
Symptoms
Central obesity
Round moon face
Edema. hypertensions
Supraclavicular fat pads ( buffalo hump)
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| Pheochromocytoma | Vascular tumor of adrenal medulla causing extra production of epinephrine and norepinephrine
Leads to hypertension and heart palpitations
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| Virilism | Development of male SECONDARY sex characteristics in the female due to excessive secretion of adrenalocortical androgens from the adrenal cortex
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| Virilism symptoms | Hirsutism
Absence of menstrution
Deepening of the voice
Acne / oily skin
Atrophy of breast and uterus
Ovarian changes
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| Diabetes medullitus | Disorder in pancreas in which beta cells of the ISLETS of LANGERHANS
Of the Pancreas fail to produce an adequate amount of insulin or to use the insulin appropriately
Results in body's ability to metabolize carbs fats and protein
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| Diabetes medullitus type 1 | Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (LDDM)
Occurs before 30 teenagers
Sudden onset
Controlled with insulin
Must treat with injection
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| Diabetes medullitus type 2 | Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus ( NIDDM)
Appears in adults
Obesity can be controlled with diet and exercise
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| Diabetic retinopathy | Disorder of blood vessels of retina bulging eyes
Leading cause of blindness in the United States
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| Gestational diabetes | Disorder in which women who do not have diabetes before pregnancy develop diabetes during pregnancy
Inability to digest carbohydrates
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| Pancreatitis | Inflammation of the pancreas
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| Pancreatic cancer | Life threatening primary malignant neoplasm typically found in the head of the pancreas
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| Fasting blood sugar | FBS
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| Glucose tolerance test | GTT drink concentrated drink 3 hrs long 1 2 3 hours blood is taken
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| hemoglobin A1c test | Blood that shows average level of glucose in the blood durning last three months
Glucose binds chemically to hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells
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| Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) test | Thyroid function test
Administers radioactive iodine
Places gamma ray detector over thyroid gland
Determines percentage of radioactive iodine absorbed by gland over specific time periods
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| Thyroid echogram ( ultrasound) | Examination to distinguish solid thyroid nodules from cystic nodules
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| Thyroid function test | Measures blood levels of hormones T3,
T4 and TSH ( thyroid stimulating hormone )
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| Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) | Measures concentration of TSH in the blood
Used it differentiate primary hypothyroidism from secondary hypothyroidism
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