test 2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| 2 types of defenses | nonspecific and specific
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| homeostasis | protects body against foreign organisms, toxins, chemicals, damaged cells and tissues
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| nonspecific body defenses (first line) | epithelial barriers; phagocytes; antimicrobial chemicals
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| nonspecific body defenses (second line) | fever; inflammation
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| epithelial barriers | skin; cornea; mucous membranes
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| phagocytes | macrophages; neutrophils; eosinophils
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| antimicrobial chemicals | acids; lysozymes; complement; interferons
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| acids | stomach, vagina, urethra
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| lysozyme | polysaccharide; binds to and destroys bacterial cell walls
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| complement | proteins; bind to bacteria and parasites, directly lyse them, mark them for phagocytes
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| interferons | proteins; prevent viruses from infecting cells and mark virus-infected cells for phagocytes
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| fever | purposely raising body temp since some bacteria cannot reproduce at high temps; some bacteria causes body temps to raise to dangerous levels though
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| inflammation | inflammatory chemicals from damaged tissues; vasodilation, pain increase capillary permeability
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| increased capillary permeability | swelling, increased oxygen, attraction of leukocytes
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| 4 things specific defenses must be | specifc, adaptive, systematic, memory
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| specific | provides defense against antigens recognized as non-self
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| adaptive | defense can be targeted against new antigens
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| systematic | defenses are distributed through entire body, not limited to site of infection
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| memory | mounts stronger and faster defense against previously encountered antigens
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| self-tolerance | immune system must not respond and attack to the body's own cells and molecules
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| pathogen | any organism against which the immune system responds
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| antigen | any molecule against which the immune system responds; may be isolated molecule; may be a larger structure
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| antibody (immunoglobin) | a specific protein which binds to an antigen; produced by lymphocytes
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| antigenic determinant or epitope | the specific part of an antigen which an antibody recognizes and binds to
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| cell-mediated immunity | macrophages and t lymphocytes; lymphocytes directly attack invading or damaged cells; effective against invading cells or damaged cells; begins when macrophage presents anigen to immunocompetent T lymphocytes
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| humoral immunity | antibodies produced by plasma cells (b-lymphocytes with some help from t-lymphocytes); antibodies attach to invading cells or isolated antigens
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| macrophages | engulf and destroy pathogens, damaged cells, present antigens to lymphocytes, secrete activation factors
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| B lymphocytes | plasma cells and memory cells
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| T lymphocytes | cytotoxic cells; helper cells; regulatory/suppressor cells; memory cells
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| Antigen presenting cells | reticular cells; dendritic cells
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| T lymphocytes | become immunocompetent in thymus; responsible for cell-mediated immunity
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| B-lymphocytes | become immunocompetent in bone marrow and regions of digestive system; responsible for humoral immunity
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| humoral immune response | effective against both isolated antigens and cells; begins when immunocompetent B lymphocyte recognizes and binds to a specific antigen, becoming activated
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| 3 actions of antibodies | 1) neutralize the anitgen by changing its shape
2) cause antigens or pathogen to agglutinate or precipitate
3) mark the antigen or pathogen to by phagocytosed
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| cytotoxic T lymphocytes | when activated, it binds to target cell and releases molecules which directly damage it
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| helper T lymphocytes | when activated, it secrete chemicals which acivate macrophages and stimulate proliferation of both B and cytotoxic T lymphocytes
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| regulatoy/suppressor T lymphocytes | secrete chemicals which suppress the activates of both T and B lymphotcytes; necessary to slow down immune response after antigen or invading.damaged cell destroyed; minimizes risk of cross-relativity and damage to self cells; help make memory cells
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