Identifying key terms
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| Oxygenated blood flows through the _______________ _____________. | pulmonary veins
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| The hepatic vein carries blood from the vena cava to the ____________. | Liver
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| The heart is positioned in the mediastinum : | Between the lungs, superior to the diaphragm.
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| The pericardial space is found between ___________ and the _____________pericardium. | Visceral and parietal pericardium.
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| The QRS complex of the EKG represents ___________________ depolarization. | Ventricular
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| Compared with arteries, veins: have a ________ diameter. | larger diameter
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| Another name for the mitral valve is the __________ valve. | Bicuspid
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| Backflow of the blood from the arteries into the relaxing ventricles is prevented by the _________ valves. | Semiluminar
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| In pulmonary circulation, blood flows from right ventricle, thru the pulmonary veins to the ____________ | Lungs
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| During relaxation or _______________________, blood fills the chambers. | Diastole
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| In __________________, the heart contracts and forces blood from the chamber into the pulmonary or systemic circulation. | Systole
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| True or False? The blood within the heart chambers supplies oxygen and other nutrients to the cells of the heart. | False
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| True or False? Blood flows from a higher pressure area toward a lower pressure area. | True
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| Normally, electrical impulses arise in the __________________ node called the pacemaker of the heart. | Sinoatrial node.
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| In pulmonary circulation, blood flows from the lungs, thru the pulmonary arteries to the left ________________. | Atrium
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| A tubular network that permits blood to flow from the heart to all living cells of the body and then back to the heart. | Blood vessels
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| A 4-chambered, double pump in the body | Heart
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| The path of the blood from the heart, through to the lungs and back completes one circuit called the ___________________ circulation. | Pulmonary
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| The upper 2 chambers of the heart that receive venous blood | Atria
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| The lower 2 chambers of the heart, the right and left ventricles pump blood into the the _____________ system. | Arterial
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| The _____________ skeleton located between the atria and ventricles of the heart is a layer of dense connective tissue. | Fibrous
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| The chamber of the heart that pumps oxygenated blood out to the body. | Left ventricle
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| Oxygen rich blood is supplied by the aorta to arterial branches supplying the organ systems and is part of the ______________ circulation. | Systemic
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| The 3 flapped AV valve between the right atrium and right ventricle. | Triscupid
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| Blood that drains back into the systemic veins is partially depleted in ______________ but increased in carbon dioxide content. | Oxygen
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| The superior and inferior ____________ ______________ return oxygen poor blood back to the right atrium. | Vena Cavae
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| Atria depolarization creates the ____ waves. | P-waves
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| ECG or EKG | Electrocardiogram
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| The atrioventricular bundle is also called the __________ __ ______ and begins at the top of the interventricular septum. | Bundle of His
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| The effect of the massaging action of skeletal muscles on venous blood flow. | Skeletal muscle pump
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| A cardiac rate less than 60 beats per minute. | Bradycardia
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| A cardiac rate greater than 100 beats per minute. | Tachycardia
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| The ______ fibers transmit the electrical impulse into the ventricular muscle and cause it to contract. | Purkinje
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| Blood is ejected from the ventricles until the pressure within them falls below the pressure in the ________________. | Arteries
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| Closing of the AV valve produces the first heart sound or_______ at systole. | Lub
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| The second heart sound or "dub" is produced in _____________. | Diastole
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| ____________ and veins contain 3 layers: intima, media and externa. | Arteries
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| The ventricles contract at systole to close the ___ valves | AV
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| Changes in the cardiac rate primarily reflect changes in the duration of systole or diastole. | Diastole
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| The approximate size of the heart is the size of a _____. | Fist
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| Middle muscular layer | Myocardium
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| Returns blood from the head, arms and upper body to heart | Superior vena cava
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| The largest artery in the body. It transports oxygenated blood to entire body. | Aorta
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| Where is the AV node located | floor of the R atrium
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| Required for the production of Prothrombin and clotting factors VII, Ix, & X. Synthesis of components for clotting. | Vitamin K
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| Deficiency of vitamin K can cause | Bleeding disorder
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| 5 types of ________________ vessels exist in the heart | Blood vessels
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| Veins, arteries, capillaries, arterioles, venules | Types of blood vessels
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| small veins | venules
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| Small branch of artety leading to the capillaries | arterioles
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| any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules | Capillaries
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| They are responsible for returning deoxygenated blood back to the heart after arteries carry blood out | Veins
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| the largest vein | Vena cava
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| large blood vessels that receive oxygenated blood from the lungs and drain into the left atrium of the heart. | Pulmonary Veins
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| The outer layer of the vein is connective tissue called | tunica adventitia or or tunica externa
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| The middle layer of smooth muscle called of the vein | tunica media
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| rhythmic pulses of blood thru the arteries | Pulse
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| blood (mainly that which has been oxygenated) is conveyed from the heart to all parts of the body thru | arteries
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| The mechanisms that facilitate capillary exchange | diffusion, transcytosis ,bulk flow ( filtration & Reabsorption)
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| The 3 types of capillaries | Fenesetroids, sinusoids, and continuous
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| Possess small windows or pores in the endothelium, found in the kidneys, small intestines, brain and endocrine glands. | Fenesteroids
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| larger, winding capillaries and have very large clefts, found in the liver, bone marrow, spleen and endocrine glands. | Sinusoids
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| Plasma membrane forms a continuous tube interrupted only by clefts between the endothelial cells | Continuous capillaries
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| This system assures the slowdown of blood for absorption. Blood flows thru the capillary network into a portal vein. | Portal system
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| Where the WBCs leave the blood, very porous and receive blood from the capillaries | Venules
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| Veins in the limbs possess these... | Valves
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| Baglike vein | Venus Sinuses
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| Most tissue of the body receive blood from more than one artery via an ... | Anastomosis
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| Percentage of blood in the systemic capillaries at ret | 7%
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| Percentage of blood in the heart at rest | 7%
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| Percentage of blood in the systemic veins and venules at rest. | 64%
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| Percentage of blood in the pulmonary vessels | 9%
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| Percentage of blood in the systemic arteries and arterioles | 13%
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| Involves the movement of a vesicle in through 1 side of the cell and out the other side. | Transcytosis
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| Most important method of capillary exchange. Simple occurs from areas of high to low. | Diffusion
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| Cannot diffuse in capillary diffusion because they are too large. | RBCs and proteins
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| A passive process in capillary exchange. Involves the passing of molecules in fluids from areas of high to low.. filtration | Bulk flow
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| Large lipid insoluble molecules like insulin enter the blood stream via this type of exchange | Transcytosis
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| passive and depends on concentration gradient. Movement of materials from liquids from interstitial fluids back into the blood. | Reabsorption
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| Stroke volume times heart rate | cardiac output
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| Blood flows from regions of ___________ pressure to regions of ____________ pressure | High, low
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| The lower the pressure difference the greater the blood flow. True or false | False
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| Blood pressure is highest in the aorta and elastic arteries and lower in the capillaries and venules. True or False | True
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| Systolic BP | 110mm Hg
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| Diastolic BP | 70mmHg
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| Blood pressure rises if blood volume increases or decreases if volume drops+ True or False | True
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| The blood vessels in the circulatory system | Vasa Vasorum
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| the innermost wall of the arteries; layer of elastic tissue | Tunica interna or intima
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| In capillary networks found between the network and the arterioles; at the arterial end possess scattered smooth tissue | Metarterioles
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| Thoroughfare channel is formed by this | Metarterioles
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| The job of __________________ is to exchange materials with the interstitial fluids surrounding cells | Capillaries
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| The most important method of capillary exchange, important for solute exchange. | Diffusion
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| TRANSPORTS, REGULATES AND PROTECTS | FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
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| A dense liquid thicker than water. | Blood
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| Normal temperature of blood | 100.4 F
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| Blood comprises what percentage of body mass | 8%
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| Blood has 2 primary components | Formed elements and blood plasma
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| Approximate percentage of formed elements | 45%
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| Percentage of blood plasma that is water | 90-92%
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| Red blood cells, white blood cells and __________________ are the formed elements of blood | Platelets
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| Consist of 3 grandular leukocytes and 2 agranular leukocytes | White blood cells
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| monocytes and T&B lymphocytes | Angrandular leukocytes
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| neutrophils, eosinophils & basophils | Granular leukocytes
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| formation of blood | homopoiesis/hematopoiesis
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| Regulates the # of platelets and RBCs | Negative feedback
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| It's regulation depends on the circumstances of the body | WBCs
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| The site of hematopoiesis beginning at birth and continuing throughout life. | Red bone marrow
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| About 1% of the cells of the marrow are derived from ____________________ and are pluripotent stem cells | Mesenchyme
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| Cells with the ability to differentiate into themselves and into cells that give rise to blood cells | Stem Cells
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| T or F. Once blood cells are produced in the red marrow, they do not divide...with the exception of white blood cells. | True
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| Divided into 2 types of stem cells: myeloid and lymphoid | Pluripotent stem cells
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| Originate in the red marrow & hormone play a large role in hemopoiesis | Myeloid stem cells
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| Give rise to lymphocytes and begin life in the red marrow but complete differentiation in the lymph tissue | Lymphoid Stem Cells
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| Red blood cells. biconcave in shape and live for about 120 days | Erythrocytes
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| Lack a nucleus and other organelles and carry some antigens which account for ABO blood typing | Erythrocytes
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| Oxygen carrying machines. Do not use the oxygen they transport. | RBCs
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| # of oxygen molecules a heme can carry | 4 oxygen molecules
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| Transports about 23% of the CO2 | Heme molecule
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| cellular oxygen deficiency | hypoxia
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| causes the kidney to speed up production of erythropoietin | Hypoxia
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| Large round cells that stain red with visible nucleus | Eosinophils
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| Large round cells that stain purple, nucleus is bi-lobed | Basophils
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| Nucleus usually has 5 lobes and the chromatin strands connecting the lobes is thin; stain purple | Neutrophils
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| T or F: All WBCs and all nucleated cells of the body possess major histocompatability antigens on their plasma membranes | True
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| A decrease in the # of WBCs | Leukopenia
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| process whereby wbcs stick to the endothelium then squeeze between the endothelial cells | Diapedesis/emigration
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| Contain many vesicles inside a plasma membrane but no nucleus | Blood platelets
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| Develop from myeloid stem cells under the hormone...thrombopoietin | blood plates/thrombocytes
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| A series of events which stop bleeding/hemorrhage | hemastosis
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| vascular spasm, platelet plug formation and blood clotting or coagulation | 3 mechanisms that reduce blood flow
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| 3 stages if clotting formation include the extrinsic, intrinsic and _______________ pathways | Common
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| Outside pathway that occurs in the blood and in the presence of Ca, tissue factors forms/ activates factor x | Extrinsic pathway
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| In the extrinsic pathway, Factor X in the presence of Ca activates and forms Factor ______ | Factor V
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| Factor V in the presence of Ca, forms and activates ________________. | Prothrombinase
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| Pathway that is eventually Factor XII activted | Intrinsic Pathway
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| Pathway that begins with the formation of Prothrombinase | Common Pathway
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| Thrombin + Calcium converts ___________________ to insoluble fibrin threads. | Fibrinogen
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| Helps to activate Factor XIII which serves to strengthen the fibrin and help form a strong blood clot. | Thrombin
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| T or F. Platelets also contribute to the building of a strong clot because the release some factor XIII when they are trapped in the clot | True
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| Can activate factor V and can cause platelets to congregate and to release phospholipids | 2 Positive feedback mechanisms for Thrombin
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| The formation of fibrin clot plugs the blood vessels or the tightening of the fibrin clot | Clot retraction
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