Integumentary (Skin)
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| Integumentary System | The skin and it's accessory structures (derivatives)
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| Integument | Means the same as "skin"; Largest organ in the body (7-8% total weight of the body). Two Layers: Epidermis and Dermis
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| Epidermis | Most superficial layer; Comprised solely of Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium (keratin is a water-insoluble protein); Is Avascular; Consists of 4-5 layers (strata) of distinct cell types; Up to hundreds of cells thick.
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| Dermis | Between epidermis and hypodermis; Mainly comprised of CT (primarily collagen fibers) but does contain blood vessels, glands, hair follicles, nail roots, sensory nerve endings and smooth muscle; Divided into two layers (Papillary layer and Reticular layer)
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| Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) | AKA hypodermis or superficial fascia; Deep to, but not considered part of, the integument; Consists of areolar and adipose connective tissue; Acts as protection of underlying structures, a store of energy and thermal insulation
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| Integument Function | Protection (physical and chemical); Prevention of dehydration; Temperature regulation (sweating and vasodilation/constriction); Metabolic regulation (Vit. D); Immune defense (Dendritic cells); Sensory reception; Excretion/Secretion
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| Epidermis Strata Layers (from most superficial to deepest) | Stratum Corneum; Stratum Lucidum (found only in thick skin); Stratum Granulosum; Stratum Spinosum; Stratum Basale
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| Stratum Corneum | Most superficial layer of epidermis; Thickness varies from a few to 30 layers thick depending on location on the body; Anucleate (a "everything" but keratin for that matter); Comprised solely of dead keratinocytes to be sloughed off by abrasion of skin.
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| Stratum Lucidum | Thin, translucent region, 2-3 layers thick; Sole of feet and palms of hands (calluses); Cells devoid of organelles but filled with ELEIDIN which is a transparent, intermediate product of keratin maturation.
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| Stratum Granulosum | AKA Granular layer; 3-5 layers of keratinocytes; As they migrate from blood supply organelles begin to degrade and cytoplasm fills with concentrated keratin;Fully ketatinized cells are dead but strong and highly water-insoluble.
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| Stratum Spinosum | AKA Spiny layer; Several layers thick; 2 types of cells (Keratinocytes and Epidermal dendritic)
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| Integumentary System | The skin and it's accessory structures (derivatives)
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| Integument | Means the same as "skin"; Largest organ in the body (7-8% total weight of the body). Two Layers: Epidermis and Dermis
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| Epidermis | Most superficial layer; Comprised solely of Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium (keratin is a water-insoluble protein); Is Avascular; Consists of 4-5 layers (strata) of distinct cell types; Up to hundreds of cells thick.
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| Dermis | Deeper layer of dense irregular connective tissue
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| Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) | A third layer (not considered part of the integument) lies deep to the dermis. Consists mostly of adipose connective tissue.
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| Integument Function | Protection (physical and chemical); Prevention of dehydration; Temperature regulation (sweating and vasodilation/constriction); Metabolic regulation (Vit. D); Immune defense (Dendritic cells); Sensory reception; Excretion/Secretion
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| Epidermis Strata Layers (from most superficial to deepest) | Stratum Corneum; Stratum Lucidum (found only in thick skin); Stratum Granulosum; Stratum Spinosum; Stratum Basale
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| Stratum Corneum | Most superficial layer of epidermis; Thickness varies from a few to 30 layers thick depending on location on the body; Anucleate (a "everything" but keratin for that matter); Comprised solely of dead keratinocytes to be sloughed off by abrasion of skin.
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| Stratum Lucidum | Thin, translucent region, 2-3 layers thick; Sole of feet and palms of hands (calluses); Cells devoid of organelles but filled with ELEIDIN which is a transparent, intermediate product of keratin maturation.
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| Stratum Granulosum | AKA Granular layer; 3-5 layers of keratinocytes; As they migrate from blood supply organelles begin to degrade and cytoplasm fills with concentrated keratin;Fully ketatinized cells are dead but strong and highly water-insoluble.
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| Stratum Spinosum | AKA Spiny layer; Several layers thick; 2 types of cells (Keratinocytes and Epidermal dendritic)
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| Keratinocytes (Stratum Spinosum) | Differentiated daughter cells from the Stratum Basale; Non-dividing (may see a rare mitotic cell); Attach to each other with desmosomes.
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| Epidermal Dendritic | Phagocytitic and engulf invading pathogens
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| Stratum Basale | The only layer that is mitotically active;Single layer of cuboid cells directly adjacent to the dermis. 3 cell types (Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Tactile Cells)
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| Keratinocytes (Stratum Basale) | Most abundant; Produce keratina water-insoluble protein that is strong and prevents the skin from dissolving in an aqueous environment
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| Melanocytes (Stratum Basale) | Have long branching cytoplasmic processes that are distributed throughout this cell layer; Produce melanosomes; Absorbs energy from the UV light thus preventing damage to DNA of cells in this layer, possibly preventing a form of skin cancer
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| Melanosomes | Black/brown pigment produced by the melanocytes of the Stratum Basale
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| Tactile Cells (Stratum Basale) | Sensitive to touch and contained in the Basement Membrane of the Stratum Basale
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| Papillary Layer of the Dermis | Superficial layer; Directly adjacent to stratum basale; Dermal papillae & epidermal ridges interlock to increase surface area exposure between the epidermis and dermis; Dermal papillae contain capillaries that supply nutrients to avascular epidermal cells
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| Reticular Layer | The majority and deepest of the dermis; Mainly dense irregular connective tissue, blood vessels, glands, hair follicles and nerves; Collagen bundles help connect dermis to underlying hypodermis
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| Lines of Cleavage | Determined by orientation of collagen bundles; Important to know for surgical procedures since incisions made at right angles to these lines of cleavage will heal very slowly
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| Innervation | Nerve fibers dispersed throughout the dermis; Nerves function as tactile (touch) receptors, control blood flow and glandular secretion
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| Blood Supply | Unlike the avascular epidermis, the dermis contains blood vessels; These blood vessels have important role in controlling body temperature (Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation)
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| Vasoconstriction | Narrowing of blood vessels thus preserving core body heat
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| Vasodilation | Widening of blood vessels thus loosing body heat and lowering body temperature
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| Epidermal Derivatives | Nails, Hair, Sweat and Sebaceous Glands
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| Nail Matrix | Actively growing part of the nail
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| Lunula | Whitish semilunar proximal area of the nail body; White because the thickened underlying stratum basale obscures the capillary bed
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| Hair | Keratinized cells growing from a hair follicle that extends deep into the dermis or hypodermis; Three zones along the length of a hair (Hair bulb, Hair root, Hair shaft)
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| Hair Bulb | A swelling at the dermal base
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| Hair Matrix | Dividing epithelial cells that generate daughter cells resulting in growth or lengthening of the hair
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| Hair Papilla | Consists of a small amount of connective tissue, nerves and blood vessels that support the dividing epithelial cells within the hair matrix
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| Arrector Pili Muscle | Attached to the hair shaft; Involuntary smooth muscle; Responds to emotional states such as fear or rage or exposure to cold temperatures; “goose bumps”
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| Function of Hair | Protection; Heat Retention; Facial Expression; Sensory Reception; Visual Identification; Criminal Signal Dispersal
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| Integumentary Exocrine Glands | Sweat (sudoriferous) glands; Sebaceous glands; Ceruminous; Mammary
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| Sweat (sudoriferous) Glands | Produce a watery solution
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| Sebaceous Glands | Produce an oily secretion that coats hair shafts and the surface of the epidermis
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| Ceruminous | External ear
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| Mammary | Breasts
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| Two Types of Sweat Glands | Merocrine sweat glands; Apocrine sweat glands
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| Sweat Duct | Carries sweat to pore
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| Merocrine Sweat Gland | Simple coiled tubular glands; release secretion directly onto surface of skin (pore is the opening); Most numerous; Found mostly on palms of hands, soles of feet and forehead; Secretion is under nervous system control; Secretion is clear and is 99% H2O
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| Function of Merocrine Sweat Gland | Thermoregulation; Excretion; Protection
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| Apocrine Sweat Gland | Simple coiled tubular glands that release their secretion into the hair follicles at the armpits (axillae), around the nipple (areola), in the groin (pubic) and anus (anal); Secretion is viscous, cloudy and composed of proteins and lipidsBacterial bypro
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| Sebaceous Gland | Secrete an oily or waxy substance (sebum) usually into hair follicles; Sebum is thought to keep hair and skin from becoming dry, brittle and cracked; Secretions increase at puberty
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| Ceruminous Gland | Secrete cerumin (Earwax)
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| Mammary Gland | Modified apocrine glands; Present in both males and females; Secrete milk
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