Brain, CN, memory, sleep
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| What are the two layers of dura matter | 1. Periosteal layer
2. Meningeal layer
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| What is a venous sinus | Select areas where there is a space between periosteal and meningeal layer. Drains blood from the brain into internal jugular veins
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| What are the three dural folds | 1. Falx cerebri
2. Tentorium cerebelli
3. Falx cerebelli
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| What is the falx cerebri | Separates the two cerebral hemispheres in longitudinal fissure
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| What does the falx cerebri contain | Superior sagittal sinus and inferior sagittal sinus
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| What is the tentorium cerebelli | Separates the cerebellar hemisphere from cerebrum
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| What does the tentorium cerebelli contain | Transverse sinus
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| What is the falx cerebelli | Divides cerebellar hemispheres
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| What anchors the pia matter to the brain | Astrocytes
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| What separates the two lateral ventricles | Septum pellucidum
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| What is the interventicular foramen | Allows flow of CSF from lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle
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| How much blood supply goes to the brain ALWAYS | 20%
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| What does the cerebral aqueduct run through | The midbrain
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| Function of the choroid plexus | Produces CSF
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| Function of arachnoid villi | Reabsorbs CSF to venous blood
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| Name 3 functions of the Medulla | 1. Relay nerve signals to brain and spinal cord
2. Control autonomic function (heart beat & breathing)
3. Coordination of body movements
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| What nuclei of 4 cranial nerves does the medulla contain? | IX, X, XI, XII
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| What are the pyramids | Large motor tracts
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| What is the decussation of the pyramids | Crossover point, left cortex controls motor activity of right side of body
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| What are the olives and where are they located | Gives precision to movements, proprioceptive signals, and ventral surface of medulla
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| Name 2 functions of the Pons | 1. Modify respiratory rythmicity center in Medulla
2. Process and relay info to/from Cerebellum
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| What nuclei of 4 cranial nerves does the Pons contain | V, VI, VII, VIII
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| What and where is the corpora quadrigemina | The superior colliculi and the inferior colliculi on the posterior side of the midbrain
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| What does the superior colliculi control | Visually tracking moving objects
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| What does the inferior colliculi control | Reflex turning of head to sounds
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| Name 2 functions of the Thalamus | 1. Receives nearly all sensory info on its way to the cortex
2. Interconnected with limbic system
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| What does the hypothalamus contain | Dozens of nuclei
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| What are the mammillary bodies | Relay station for limbic system olfactory reflexes
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| What is the infundibulum | Structure that suspends pituitary gland
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| What is the pituitary gland | "Master" endocrine gland
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| Name a function of the Hypothalamus | 1. Major regulator for homeostasis of autonomic and endocrine
2. Regulates aggression, rage, pain, pleasure, and arousal
3. Sleep, body temp, food, and thirst
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| What is the epithalamus | Small nuclei just outside of thalamus and hypothalamus
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| What is the pineal gland and what does it secrete | Endocrine gland that secretes melatonin during darkness on the epithalamus
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| What is the center of the two cerebellar hemispheres called | The vermis
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| What is the grey matter in the Cerebellum | Folia
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| What is the white matter in the Cerebellum | Arbor Vitae
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| What is the fissure that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum | Transverse fissure
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| Name 3 functions of the Cerebellum | 1. Coordination of movements
2. Adjustment of postural muscles
3. Sense of equilibrium
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| What is the brain blood brain barrier | Tight junctions that seal epithelial cells, continuous basement membrane, and astrocytes covering capillaries
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| What band of white matter separates the two cerebral hemispheres | Corpus Callosum
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| What are basal nuclei | Islands of grey matter within white matter
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| What is the basal nuclei function | Subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone and coordination of learned movements
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| What does the lateral fissure separate | The parietal lobe from the temporal lobe
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| What does the frontal lobe control | Motor, speech (usually left side), personality, mood, social judgement
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| What does the parietal lobe control | Sensation (except smell), language
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| What does the occipital lobe control | Vision
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| What does the temporal lobe control | Smell, HEARING, memory, language, emotional behavior
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| What does the precentral gyrus contain | Primary motor area
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| What does the postcentral gyrus contain | Primary somatosensory area
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| How are the cranial nerves formed | Bundles of axons
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| Blood brain barrier function and what cannot pass | Protects cells from some toxins and pathogens. (Proteins and antibiotics)
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| What does the SNS consist of | Consists of all voluntary motor pathways outside of the CNS and all Skeletal muscle
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| What is the blood brain barrier permeable to | Lipid soluble materials (alcohol, O2, CO2, nicotine, and anesthetics)
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| What does the ANS consist of | All smooth and cardiac muscle, and gland cells
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| What are 2 components of the ANS | Sympathetic division and parasympathetic
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| What is the Sympathetic division and what does it go through | Fight or flight. The spinal cord
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| What is the Parasympathetic division and what does it go through | Rest and digest. Cranial nerves and sacral spinal cord
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| Blood-CSF barrier | At choroid plexus, is ependymal cells joined by tight junctions
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| What is the phrenic nerve | Part of the cervical plexus that keeps the diaphragm alive (C3)
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| CSF concentration compared to plasma (interstitial fluid) | More Na+ and Cl- but less K+ and Ca2
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| What is the ventricles lined with | Ependymal cells
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| What is the rate of reabsorption/production of CSF | The rate of reabsorption is always the same as production
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| What is hydrocephalus | Blockage of drainage of CSF
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| The neurons of the ______________ send input to cerebellum | Olives
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| What are nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus and what is their function | They are sensory neurons and they relay info to thalamus
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| Hoarseness of the voice is a sign of damage to what cranial nerve | Vagus X
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| Posterior 1/3 of tongue taste and BP control and respiration is what cranial nerve | Glossalpharyngeal IX
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| What and where are the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers | Help control breathing and in the pons
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| Function and location of the middle cerebellar peduncles | Carry sensory info to the cerebellum (pons)
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| Posterior 2/3 of tongue, tears and saliva production, and facial expressions are what cranial nerve | Facial VII
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| What is the primary sensory nerve for your face and controls mastication | Trigeminal V
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| What happens when you have had no O2 to the brain for 4 minutes | Coronal cell death due to lysosomes breaking open and cells starting to auto-digest
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| Where are the nucleus of CN III and IV | The midbrain
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| What holds the corticospinal tract | The cerebral peduncles in the midbrain
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| What and where is the Tegmentum | Connects to cerebellum and helps control fine movements through red nucleus. Located in the midbrain
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| What and where is the substantia nigra | Sends inhibitory signals to basal ganglia and thalamus. Located in the midbrain
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| What structure, if degrades, will lead to parkinson's disease and tremors | Substantia nigra
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| What is the tectum in the midbrain | Corpora quadrigemina
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| What is the reticular formation | Clusters of grey matter scattered throughout pons, midbrain, and medulla
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| What does the motor arm of the reticular formation control | Balance and posture, relay info from eyes/ears to cerebellum, track moving objects
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| What is the origin of descending analgesic pathways (pain) | Motor arm of reticular formation
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| What is the reticular activating system (RAS) | Alerts cerebral cortex to sensory signals to awaken from sleep , maintains consciousness, regulates sleep, injury leads to irreversible coma
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| What is the function of the inferior cerebellar colliculi | Carries sensory info from spinal cord
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| What is the function of the superior cerebellar colliculi | Carries motor fibers that extend to motor control areas
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| What is the habenular nuclei and where is it located | Emotional responses to odor and in the epithalamus
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| What and where is the subthalamus | Works with basal ganglia, cerebrum, and cerebellum to control body movements. It is inferior to the thalamus
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| What and where are the circumventicular ograns (CVO) | Monitor changes in blood chemistry due to lack of blood brain barrier. In walls of 3rd and 4th ventricles
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| What are sites of entry for HIV virus/dementia into brain | Circumventicular organs (CVO)
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| What is the cerebral cortex | Grey matter overlying white matter
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| What are the two types of cells in the cerebral cortex | Stellate cells and Pyramidal cells
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| Stellate Cells | Have dendrites projecting in all directions
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| Pyramidal cells | Have an axon that passes out of the area
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| What is part of the cerebral white matter | Commissural fibers, association fibers, and projection fibers
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| What takes up most of the volume of the cerebrum | White matter
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| Projection tracts | Extend vertically from brain to spinal cord forming internal capsule and ascending and descending tracts
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| Association tracts | Connect lobes and gyri of each hemisphere to each other
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| Commissural tracts | Cross from one hemisphere to another (corpus callosum)
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| Where is the main area for equilibrium | The cerebellum
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| Name 3 functions of the CSF | 1. Buoyancy
2. Cushions brain from hitting skull
3. Chemical stability (rinses away waste)
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| Where is the primary gustatory area | Bottom of postcentral gyrus
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| What is the broca's area | Motor speech area, right under precentral gyrus. Transmits to primary motor cortex for action
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| What is the Wernicke's area | Auditory association center, right under post central gyrus. How you turn words to speech
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| Cerebral palsy | Loss of motor control and coordination. Damage to motor areas. Not a progressive disease, but irreversible
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| Cognition | Awareness, perception, thinking, knowledge, memory
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| What would happen if a brain lesion occurred in the temporal lobe | Agnosia (can't recognize objects) of prosopagnosia (can't recognize faces)
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| What would happen if a brain lesion occurred in the pariteal lobe | Contralateral neglect syndrome (can't recognize one half of body)
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| What does the prefrontal cortex control | How emotions are expressed (judgement)
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| Where do emotions form | Hypothalamus and amygdala
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| Parkinson's disease | Neurons from the substantia nigra do not release enough dopamine onto basal ganglia
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| What is the limbic system | Loop of corticol structures surrounding deep brain. Intense emotional brain
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| Name a function of the amygdala | Emotions
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| Name a function of the hippocampus | Organizing sensory and cognitive info and turning it into a memory
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| What structures are part of the limbic system | (amygdala, hippocampus, fornix, and cingulate gyrus
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| Are are some possible triggers for sleep | 1. Adenosine levels increase with brain activity
2. Adenosine levels inhibit activity in RAS
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| How does caffeine make you stay awake | It prevents adenosine from inhibiting RAS
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| What are the 4 stages of brain waves | Alpha, beta, theta, delta
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| What happens in the first 90 minutes of sleep | Go from 1 to 4 of NREM, go up to stage 2 of NREM, go to REM. Cycle repeats until REM totals 90 to 120 minutes
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| REM sleep | Where most dreams occur. Neuronal activity and oxygen is at its highest. Total sleeping/dreaming time decreases with age. Occurs about 5 times a night EEG resembles awake person. Help store and strengthen info from memory
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| What is immediate memory | Ability to hold something in your thoughts for just a few seconds.
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| What is reverberating circuits | The immediate memory of what just happened "echoes" in our minds for a few seconds
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| What happens with facilitation and short term memory | Makes it last longer with tetanic stimulation (rapid, repetitive signals) causing Ca2 to accumulate and cell becomes more likely to fire
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| What is posttetanic potentiation | To jog a memory. Ca2 level in synaptic knob has stayed elevated long after tetanic stimulation, so little stimulation will be able to recover that memory
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| What is declarative long term memory | Retention of facts as texts or words
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| What is procedural long term memory | Retention of motor skills
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| What is long term memory | Physical remodeling of synapses with new branching of axons or dendrites
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| What is long term potentiation | Tetanic stimulation causes ionic changes (Ca2 entry) Neuron produces more neurotransmitter receptors, synthesizes more protein, releases nitric oxide, signals more neurotransmitter release
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| What is anterograde amnesia | Can not store new data
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| What is retrograde amnesia | Can not remember old data
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| In what order does fact memory go in | Sensory receptor --> Sensory cortex --> Sensory association center --> Amygdala / Hippocampus --> Hypothalamus/basal forebrain --> Thalamus --> Ventral median prefrontal cortex --> Basal forebrain --> Sensory association area
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| In what order does skill memory go in | Sensory association area --> Hippocampus --> Cerebellum --> Caudate and lentiform nuclei --> Premotor cortex/motor control
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| What is aprosodia | A lesion in the broca's area where an individual cannot recognize certain letters
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| What is the angular gyrus and where is it located | Processes text into a form we can speak, right behind wernicke's
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| Where are language centers located in most people | Left cerebral hemisphere
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| What is aphasia | Inability to use or comprehend words due to deficit in broca or wernicke's areas
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| Lesion to Broca's area | Nonfluent aphasia - know what they want to say but can't speak, entire vocab around 2-3 words
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| Lesion to wernicke's | Fluent aphasia - Speech normal and excessive but makes little sense
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| Damage to common auditory association area or integrative area | Anomic aphasia - Speech and understanding are normal but text/pictures make no sense
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| What is CN 0 | First found in humans in 1913. The reaction to pheromones. Begin in olfactory epithelium but terminate in lateral/medial septal nuclei and preoptic areas (hot button sex regions)
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| What is cerebrovascular accident CVA and types | Third leading cause of death (stroke.) Ischemic and hemmorhagic
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| What is the purpose of Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) | If used within 3 hours of a stroke it can decrease the risk of permanent disability
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| Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) | Episode of temporary cerebral dysfunction because of impaired blood flow to the brain. Dizziness, slurred speech, numbness, paralysis on one side, double vision
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| Alzheimer disease | Dementia= loss of reasoning, ability to read/write, talk, eat, walk. Loss of neurons that release ACh, plaque of abnormal proteins on neurons, tangled protein filaments on neurons,
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| What can be beneficial for Alzheimer's | Estrogen, Vitamin E, ibuprofen, and ginko biloba
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| What is a contusion | Bruising of brain, always lose consciousness, blood in CSF
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| When does alpha occur | When awake and resting with eyes closed
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| When does beta occur | With eyes open performing mental tasks
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| What does theta occur | During sleep or emotional stress
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| When does delta occur | During deep sleep
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