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| What is an IVP? | Intravenous pyelogram-injection of an iodie-based contrast medium that is used to define the structures of the urinary system.
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| What are the signs of cancer of urinary bladder? | Microscopic hematuria one of the first symptomsLinked to cigarette smoking, industrial chemicals, and ingested toxins
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| What are the signs of cystitis? | Frequency, burning, dysuria, and urgency are common symptoms.Inflammation of the urinary bladder.
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| What are the signs of Glomerulonephritis | Chills, fever, weakness are common symptoms.Caused by degenerative inflammation of glomeruli.treatment: diuretics, antihypertensives, dialysis, kidney transplant
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| What are the signs of Polycystic Kidneys | Hypertension, kidney failure, and death can result.A congenital anomalytreatment:dialysis, kidney transplant
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| What are the signs of Pyelonephritis | Pyuria, chills, fever, sudden back pain are symptoms.Caused by pyogenic bacteriatreatment:Appropriate antibiotics
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| What are the signs of Renal Calculi | May be present with or without symptoms, cause intense pain when they lodge in the ureter. Urinary urgency, nausea and vomiting, feverformed by certain salts.treatment:Appropriate antibiotics
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| What is a sigmoidoscopy? | diagnostic examination of the interior of the sigmoid colon. it is metal or plastic, instrument with a light source and a magnifying lens.
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| What are the signs of Appendicitis | Characterized by pain, nausea, vomiting, and feverAcute inflammation of the appendixtreatment: Appendectomy
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| What are the signs of Cholecystitis | Usual cause is gall stones but other causes may be bacteria or chemical irritants.inflammation of the gallbladdertreatment:cholecystectomy
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| What are the signs of colon cancer | Change in bowel habits, diarrhea or constipation, and abdominal discomfort as tumor growsTreatment:Colectomy, radiation, chemotherapy
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| What are the signs of crohn's disease? | right lower quadrant pain, and attacks of diarrhea and frequent blood in the stoolchronic disease that exhibits inflammation of the ileumtreatment:antibiotics, antiinflammatories, surgery
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| What are the sings of diverticulitis? | Pain, ctamplike, usually in left side of abdomeninflammation of diverticula usually caused by impacted feces or bacteria in the sacstreatment:antibiotics, surgery
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| what are the signs of Gastroenteritis | nausea, vomiting and diarrheainflammation of the stomach and intestinal tract may be caused by ingestion of pathogentreatment:maintain electrolyte balance, antibiotics
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| What are the signs of Gastritis? | stomach discomfort, nausea, or vomitinginflammation of the stomach liningtreatment:Antacid, antibiotics if needed
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| What are the signs of gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD) | heartburn and discomfort behind the sternumvalve in the lower esophagus leaks cuasing stomach acid to back up from the stomach to the esophagustreatment:diet modification, weight loss
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| What are the signs fo hepatitis? | hepatomegaly, anorexia, and jaundiceinflammation of the liver caused by infection from a virustreatment:hepatitis A:immunoglobulin hep C: medication
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| What is a hiatal hernia? | Congenital or traumatic protrusion of stomach through the diaphragm into the chest cavity.Treatment:antacids, elevate head of bed for sleep, avoid food that irritate stomach and esophagus, avoid overeating
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| What are the signs of Pancreatitis | pancreatic enzymes begin to digest the pancreas causing necrosis and hemorrhage.inflammation of the pancreastreatment:analgesics, diet modifcation
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| What is the leading causes of cancer deaths in the US? | Pancreatic cancer
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| What is hematochezia? | bright red blood in feces
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| what is hematemesis? | vomiting blood
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| what is melena? | blood in feces
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| What is perforate? | a hole caused by ulceration and hemorrhage ensues
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| what is peritonitis? | infectious organisms enter the membrane covering the internal organs.
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| What is an endoscopy? | viewing within the body with a lighted scope.
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| What is a Fecal Occult blood test? | examination of fecal sample for occult(hidden)blood.
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| What are the chambers of the eye? | Sclera, Cornea, Iris, Pupil, Anterior chamber, posterior chamber, lens, posterior cavity, posterior sclera, choroid layer, retina.
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| What does the sclera do? | white area covering the outside of the eye except over the pupil and iris
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| What does the Cornea do? | clear tissue covering the pupil and iris
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| What does the Iris do? | round disk of smooth and radial muscles giving the eye its color
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| What does the pupil do? | round opening in the iris that changes size as the iris reacts to light and dark
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| what does the anterior chamber do? | space between cornea and iris/pupil filled with clear fluid called aqueous humor
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| what does the posterior chamber do? | space between the iris and lens that is filled with aqueous humor
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| what does the lens do? | clear fibers enclosed in a membrane that refract and focus light to the retina
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| what does the posterior cavity do? | the space in the posterior part of the eyeball filled with thick, gelatinous material called vitreous humor
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| what does the posterior sclera do? | white opaque layer covering the posterior part of the eyeball
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| what does the charoid layer do? | the layer between the sclera and retina containing blood vessels
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| what does the retina do? | the inside layer of the posterior part of the eye that receives the light rays
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| What does the Jaeger test doe? | checking for clear vision to close objects
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| What is the color vision test called? | the Ishihara test:small book containing pages composed of varying sized and colored circles and inside the circles are numbers or lines that can be traed.
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| What does the Snellen chart do? | checks to see if you are farsighted
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| What is the hearing organ? | Cochlea
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| What is the hammer | malleus
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| what is the anvil | incus
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| what is the stirrup | stapes
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| What is external otitis | swimmer's ear Inflammation of ear canal
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| Otitis media | acute infection of the middle ear usually caused by bacteria
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| Otosclerosis | deafness caused by hardening of the stapes
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| meniere's disease | deafness, vertigo, nausea, and tinnitus probable cause is edema of the labyrinth
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| impacted cerumen | caused by accumulation of hardened cerumen that has built up against the tympanic membrane.
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| What are the signs of asthma? | inflammation and spasm of the smooth muscle of the bronchi brought on by an allergen or emotional upsets. dyspnea and wheezing
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| what are the signs fo bronchitis | Inflammation of the bronchi, caused by viral or bacterial infection with a dry, painful cough, progressing to a productive cough of greenish yellow sputum.
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| what are the signs of emphysema? | enlargement of the alveoli due to lost elasticity, usually brought on by a long-time irritant. dyspnea, chronic cough, weight loss, and the appearance of a barrel chest.
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| what are the signs of influenza | a viral infection of various strains of the upper respiatory tract. sudden chills, fever, cough, sore throat, gastrointestinal disorders.
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| what are the signs of laryngitis | hoarseness, cough, aphonia caused by infeciton from nose or throat.
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| what are the signs of nasal polyp | a tumor of the nose that can bleed easily
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| what are the signs of pharyngitis | inflammation of the pharynx caused by a bacteria, virus, or an irritant. difficulty in swallowing, pain, redness, and inflammation of the pharynx.
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| What are the signs of pleurisy | inflammation of the pleura caused by bacteria or viruses. pain, fever, cough, chills, and dyspnea
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| what are the signs fo pneumonia | inflammation of the lungs cuased by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and chemical irritants. chills, fever , chest pain, cough, and purulent sputum. sore throat, fever and lymphadenopathy
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| What is aphasia | inability to speak
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| what does cranial nerve I do? | aroma identification
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| what does cranial nerve II | visual acuity, visual fields, optic disk
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| what does cranial nerve III, IV, and VI do? | extraocular eye muscles
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| what does cranial nerve V do? | sensations of the face, scalp, teeth
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| what does cranial nerve VII do? | facial expressions, taste
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| What tests do you do to check for neurologic examination? | Cerebral function:memory, muscle coordination, sensory interpretation, posture and gaitMotor function:muscle tone, strength, muscle mass, twitchingSensory function:touchDeep tendon refleses: extremities
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| What are some of the additional tests you can doe for a neurologic examination? | angiography:visualization of the circulation of the blood throughout the brainComputerized tomography(CT): helps to diagnose hemorrhage and tumorsElectroencephalography(EEG)records the electrical activity of the brainMagnetic resonance imaging(MRI)
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| What is Bell's palsy | paralysis of seventh cranial nerve caused by an acute inflammation. facial paralysis and pain
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| what is epilepsy | spisodes of seizures caused by changes in electrical brain potentials that result in disturbed brain impulses or function
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| what is meningitis | inflammation of the membranes of the spinal cord or brain
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| multiple sclerosis | chronic progressive disease characterized by demyelination of nerve fibers.
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| Parkinson's disease | degeneration of brain cells due to lack of dopamine in the brain.
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| What does a PKU check for | iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, and hypothyroidism
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| What are the appointments after birth? | 1,2,4,6,9,12,15,18,24months, and yearly thereafter
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| When are most of the recommended vaccines to be administered | 15 to 18 months of life
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| When are boosters given | on school entry and again every 10 years
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| When giving injections to infants from birth to 2 years of age where do you inject? | vastus lateralis muscle: outside of leg
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| When can a child hold up its head? | 4 months old
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| When can an oral temperature be taken? | 5 years old
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| where are the sites to take a temperature? | oral, aural, rectal, axillary
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| Where do you take an childs pulse? | the apical pulse located at the fifth intercostal space left side, midclavicular line. between the fifth and sixth ribs in the middle of the clavicle usually below the nipple
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| Where do you look for respiration in the infant | stomach
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| What is Otitis Media? | inflammation of the middle ear
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| What is Pediculosis? | infestation with the head louse
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