2nd semester anatomy notes
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| secretes onto body surfaces | exocrine
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| secretes into the bloodstream | endocrine
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| gland that regulates sleep patterns | pineal gland
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| hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla | epi and norepi
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| lays down calcium | calcitonin
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| produced by the C cells of the thyroid gland | calcitonin
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| hormone that causes another hormone to be released | releasing hormones
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| are releasing hormones trophic or atrophic | trophic
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| hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland | GH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL, TSH
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| hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland | ADH, OT
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| moves glucose into cells from blood | insulin
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| these veins are the stalks of the pituitary gland | hypophyseal portal veins
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| problem with insulin production | diabetes mellitus
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| ENDOCRINE hormones secreted by the pancreas | insulin, glucogon, SS
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| hormones secreted by the hypothalamus | CRH, GHRH, TRH
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| what kind of hormones does the hypothalamus secrete | releasing hormones
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| causes mental sluggishess, extreme weight gain | hypothyroidism
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| another name for hypothyroidism | myxedema
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| causes extreme weigh loss and jitteriness | hyperthyroidism
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| the layers of the adrenal cortex | zona glomerulosa, zona fasiculata, zona reticularis
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| hormone secreted by the zona glomerulosa | MC
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| hormone secreted by the zona fasiculata | GC
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| hormone secreted by the zona reticularis | androgen
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| name for hormones secreted by the thymus gland | thymosins
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| main function of the pancreas | regulates glucose
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| triiodothryronine | released by thyroid, controls metabolism
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| prostaglandins | travels to nearby tissues and relaxes smooth muscles
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| what is required by the thyroid gland to remain at a small size | iodine
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| hormones released by the thyoid gland | T3, T4
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| what is systolic pressure | pressure when contracted
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| what is the timing relationship between atrial contraction/relaxation and ventricular contraction/relaxation | they contract/relax at opposite times
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| give the valves of the heart | bicuspid
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| list the pathway of the cardiac conduction system | SA node -> AV node -> AV bundle -> purkinje fibers
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| path of blood through the heart | right atrium > right ventricle > pulmonary artery > pulmonary vein > left ventricle > left atrium > aorta
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| what is the SA node | pacemaker of the heart
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| what does the vagus nerve do when involved in heart action | slows down the heart
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| what is the purpose of chordae tendinae | holds valves open/closed
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| EKC patterns | P wave, QRS wave, T wave
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| Sterling's Law | the farther a cardial muscle fiber is stretched, the greater force it will rebound with
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| what is the parietal pericardium | membrane around the percardial cavity
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| comparison in blood volume of arteries and veins | veins hold much more blood
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| layers of the heart | epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
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| in capillaries, _____ wins on the arteriole end, but _____ wins on the venule end | hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure
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| capillary wall structure | simple squamous epithelium
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| branches of the aorta | subclavian, brachiocephalic
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| what factors affect blood pressure | volume, heart action, viscosity, peripheral resistance
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| what is distalic pressure | pressure during relaxation
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| celiac artery provides blood to what organs | digestive organs
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| the major blood vessel to intestine | messentary
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| carotid arteries go to the... | head
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| what are the common iliac arteries | branches at the bottom of the aorta
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| pulmonary arteries go to the... | lungs
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| coronary arteries go to the... | myocardium (heart muscle)
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| what effects do norepi and acetylcholine have on the SA node and in turn the heart | norepi speeds it up, ACH slows it down
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| what is hemostasis | blood clotting
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| serum vs plasma | serum - does not have clotting factors
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| plasma constituents | watrer, blood cells, CO2, O2, amino acids, proteins, etc.
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| RBC characteristics | donut without a hole, filled with hemoglobin
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| how long do RBCs live | 120 days
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| what is carbohemoglobin | CO2 + hemoglobin
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| how do blood clots form | platelets form platelet plug, prothrombin converts to thrombin and causes fibrinogen to convert to fibrin
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| what is pernicious anemia | not enough vitamin B12
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| blood component & %s | formed-45% plasma-55%
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| what is iron-deficiency anemia | not enough iron and in turn not enough hemoglobin
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| what is used in the production of hemoglobin | iron
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| which is the most abundant in blood, neutrophils or lymphocytes | neutrophils
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| what is oxyhemoglobin | oxygen + hemoglobin
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| what is deoxyhemoglobin | hemoglobin w/o oxygen
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| what is the average number of RBCs in blood | 5 million
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| what is the average number of WBCs in blood | 5000 - 10000
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| what is the average number of platelets in blood | 130000 - 360000
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| what is leukopenia | to few WBCs
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| what is leukocytosis | to many WBCs
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| what are the three types of granulocytes (WBCs) | neutrophils, eosinophils,basophils
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| what are the two types of agranulocytes (WBCs) | lymphocytes, monocytes
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| what does fibrinogen do | turns into fibrin in blood clot formation to create a clot
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| what do glomaglobulins do | form antibodies
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| what do albumins do | holds water
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| what do agglutinogens and agglutinins do in blood | form antigens and antibodies
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| what are the only phagocytic WBCs | neutrophils and monocytes
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| what are the layers of the GI tract | mucousa, submucousa, muscularis, serosa
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| what does salivary amylase break down | carbohydrates
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| what does pepsin break down | protein in the stomach
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| what does gastrin cause in the stomach | causes glands to secrete
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| what is contained in the tooth root | blood vessels and nerves
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| what is tthe first part of the small intestine called | duodenum
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| what is the main digestive function of the pancreas | to release enzymes that break down all types of foods
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| what are plica and villi | folds in intestinal wall/ stuff in small intestine
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| what is "heartburn" | acid regurgitation
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| name functions of the liver | makes bile, breaks down stuff, stores glycogen, etc
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| what are the hepatic ducts | ducts in the liver
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| what is in bile | biliverdin, bilirubin, cholesterol, bile salts
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| what are the three parts of the small intestine | duodenum, jujunum, illium
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| what is intrinsic factor | amount of vitamin B12
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| what is the ileocecal valve | valve between the small intestine and the large intestine
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| where is the cardiac sphincter | bottom of the esophagus
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| what are the parts of the large intestine | ascending, transcending, descending, sigmoid
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| what are the end products of fat digestion | glycerol, fatty acids
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