Radiology Chapter 20
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| X-rays | High-energy electromagnetic waves
Travel in straight lines
Shorter wave length than visible light
Able to penetrate solid materials of varying densities
Capable of exposing a photographic plate (X-ray film)
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| X-rays | Used to visualize internal organs and structures of body
Provide valuable means for verifying presence of illness or disease
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| Radiology | Study of the diagnostic and therapeutic uses of X-rays
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| Angiography | Series of X-ray films allowing visualization of internal structures after the introduction of a radiopaque substance
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| Cerebral Angiography | Injection of a radiopaque contrast medium into an arterial blood vessel (carotid, femoral, or brachial) to make visualization of the cerebral vascular system via X-ray possible
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| Cineradiography | Diagnostic technique combining the techniques of fluoroscopy, radiography, and cinematography by filming the images that develop on a fluorescent screen with a movie camera
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| Myelography | Introduction of contrast medium into the lumbar subarachnoid space through a lumbar puncture to visualize the spinal cord and vertebral canal through X-ray examination
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| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | Noninvasive scanning procedure that provides visualization of fluid, soft tissue, and bony structures without the use of radiation
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| Mammography | Process of taking X-rays of the soft tissue of the breast to detect various benign and/or malignant growths before they can be felt
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| Electrocardiography (EKG or ECG) | Noninvasive diagnostic procedure for studying the electrical activity of the heart
Electrocardiogram also known as EKG or ECG
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| Cystography | Diagnostic procedure used to visualize the urinary bladder.
Uses radiocontrast instilled in the bladder via a urinary catheter, and X-ray imaging is performed.
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| Radiation Therapy | Delivery of ionizing radiation to accomplish one or more of the following:
Destruction of tumor cells
Reduction of tumor size
Decrease in pain
Relief of obstruction
To slow or stop the spread of cancer cells
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| Radiation therapy | Destroys rapidly multiplying cells regardless of whether they are cancerous
Goal is to reach maximum tumor control with no, or minimal, normal tissue damage
May be delivered by teletherapy (external)
May be delivered by brachytherapy (internal)
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| Echocardiography | Diagnostic procedure for studying the structure and motion of the heart via ultrasound
Useful in evaluating structural and functional changes in a variety of heart disorders
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| Renal Angiography | X-ray visualization of internal anatomy of the renal blood vessels (blood vessels of the kidney) after injection of a contrast medium
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| Arteriography | X-ray visualization of arteries following the introduction of a radiopaque contrast medium into the bloodstream through a specific vessel by way of a catheter
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| Arthrography | Process of taking X-rays of the inside of a joint, after a contrast medium has been injected into the joint
Contrast medium makes the inside of the joint visible
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| Barium Enema (BE) | Infusion of a radiopaque contrast medium, barium sulfate, into the rectum
Contrast medium is retained in lower intestinal tract while X-ray films are obtained of the lower GI tract
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| Barium Swallow (Upper GI Series) | Oral administration of a radiopaque contrast medium, barium sulfate, which flows into the esophagus as the person swallows
X-rays are taken as barium sulfate flows into the upper GI tract
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| Bronchography | Bronchial examination via X-ray following the coating of the bronchi with a radiopaque substance
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| Cholangiography (Intravenous) | Visualizing and outlining of the major bile ducts following an intravenous injection of a contrast medium
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| Cholangiography (Percutaneous Transhepatic) | Examination of bile duct structure using a needle to pass directly into an intrahepatic bile duct to inject a contrast medium
Also known as PTC or PTHC
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| Cholangiopancreatography (Endoscopic Retrograde) | Procedure that examines the size of and the filling of the pancreatic and biliary ducts through direct radiographic visualization with a fiberoptic endoscope
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| Cholecystography (Oral) | Visualization of the gallbladder through X-ray following the oral ingestion of pills containing a radiopaque iodinated dye
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| Computed Axial Tomography (CT, CAT) | Painless, noninvasive diagnostic X-ray procedure using ionizing radiation that produces a cross-sectional image of the body
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| Voiding Cystourethrography | X-ray visualization of the bladder and urethra during the voiding process, after the bladder has been filled with a contrast material
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| Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) | X-ray images of blood vessels only, appearing without any background, due to the use of a computerized digital video subtraction process
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| Fluoroscopy | Radiological technique used to examine the function of an organ or a body part using a fluoroscope
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| Hysterosalpingography | X-ray assessment of uterus and fallopian tubes by injecting a contrast material into these structures
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| Lymphangiography | X-ray assessment of lymphatic system following injection of a contrast medium into lymph vessels in the hand or foot
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| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) | Noninvasive diagnostic imaging method that demonstrates the biological function of the body before anatomical changes take place
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| Pyelography (Intravenous) (IVP) | Radiographic procedure that provides visualization of the entire urinary tract: kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
Also known as intravenous pyelogram or excretory urogram
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| Radioactive Iodine Uptake | Examination that determines the position, size, shape, and physiological function of the thyroid gland through the use of radionuclear scanning
Image of the thyroid is recorded and visualized after a radioactive substance is given
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| Scanning (Bone, Brain, Liver, Lungs) | Scanning is the process of recording emission of radioactive waves, using a gamma camera (scanner) after an intravenous injection of a radionuclide material into the particular part of the body being studied
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| Scanning (Bone, Brain, Liver, Lungs) | Image of the area being studied is displayed by recording concentration or collection of a radioactive substance specifically drawn to that area
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| Scanning - (Bone) | Involves intravenous injection of a radionuclide material absorbed by bone tissue
Used to detect spread of cancer to the bones, osteomyelitis, and other destructive changes in the bones
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| Scanning- (Brain) | Nuclear scanning of cranial content 2 hrs after an injection of radioisotopes
Useful in diag. an acute cere infarct, cerebral neopl, cerebral hemorr, brain abscess, aneurysms, cerebral thrombosis, hematomas, hydrocephalus, mets to the brain, and bleeds
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| Scanning - (Liver) | Noninvasive scanning tech enables the visual of the shape, size, and consistency of the liver after the IV injection of a radioactive compound
Useful in detecting cysts, abscesses, tumors, granulomas, or diffuse infiltrative processes affecting the liver
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| Scanning - (Lung) | Visual imaging of the distribution of ventilation or blood flow in the lungs by scanning the lungs after the patient has been injected with or has inhaled radioactive material
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| Scanning - (Spleen) | Noninvasive scanning technique that enables the visualization of the shape, size, and consistency of the spleen after injection of radioactive red blood cells
Useful in detecting damage, tumors, and other problems
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| Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) | Nuclear imaging procedure that shows how blood flows to tissues and organs
Tracking of radioactive material allows physician to see perfusion of blood to tissues and organs
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| Small Bowel Follow-Through | Oral administration of a radiopaque contrast medium, barium sulfate, which flows through the GI system
X-ray films are obtained at timed intervals to observe progression of barium through small intestines
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| Tomography | X-ray technique used to construct a detailed cross-section, at a predetermined depth, of a tissue structure
Useful in identifying space-occupying lesions in the liver, brain, pancreas, and gallbladder
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| Ultrasonography (Ultrasound) | Procedure in which sound waves are transmitted into body structures as a sm transducer is passed over the pt’s skin
Sound waves are reflected back into the transducer and are interpreted by a computer that converts waves to a composite picture form
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| Ultrasonography | Use of reflected sound waves to provide reliable visualization of the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, kidneys, bladder, and ureters
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| Ultrasonography | Noninvasive procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to examine the abdomen and pelvis
Can be used to locate a pelvic mass, an ectopic pregnancy, or an intrauterine device, and to inspect and assess the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes
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| Venography | Technique used to prepare an X-ray image of veins
Veins are injected with a radiopaque contrast medium
Phlebography
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| Chest X-ray | Visualization of interior of chest
Provides diagnostic info about:
Tumors, inflammation, accumulation of fluid and air, bone fractures, diaphragmatic hernia, size of heart, calcification, placement of centrally located intravenous access devices
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| Chest X-ray Views | Posteroanterior (PA)
X-rays pass through the posterior (back) to the anterior (front)
Lateral
X-rays pass through the person’s side
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| Chest X-ray Views | Oblique
X-rays are taken from different angles
Decubitus
X-rays are taken with person in recumbent lateral position – aids in localizing fluid
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| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) | Scan produces computerized radiographic images of the body structures when radioactive substances are administered to the patient
Substances are inhaled or injected
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