Pregnancy and Embryonic Development Chapter 18
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| Zygote | fertilized egg
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| Egg fertilization is... | 12–24 hours after ovulation
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| Parturition | childbirth
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| Primary germ layers | Ectoderm: skin and nervous system
Mesoderm: muscles and bones
Endoderm: linings of organs and glands
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| Amnion | fluid-filled sac; attached to embryo by umbilical cord
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| tubal ligation | the fallopian tubes are cut and tied off, preventing ova from reaching the uterus.
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| Obstetrics | Field of medicine that deals with pregnancy (prenatal), delivery of the baby, and the first six weeks after delivery (postpartum period)
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| First Trimester | begins on the first day of your last period and lasts until the end of week 12; Urinary frequency due to increasing size of uterus, creates pressure on bladder
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| Second Trimester | from week 13 to week 28 - roughly months four, five and six; Uterus rises up out of the pelvis and pressure on bladder is relieved
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| Third Trimester | time period extending from the 28th week of gestation until delivery; Frequency returns due to pressure of baby’s head on bladder
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| Amenorrhea | Absence of menstruation
Menstruation stops as a result of hormonal influence during pregnancy
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| Chadwick’s sign | Cervix and vagina take on a bluish-violet hue due to local venous congestion
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| Goodell’s sign | Cervix softens in consistency in preparation for childbirth
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| Leukorrhea | Thick, white vaginal discharge during pregnancy
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| Changes in the vagina | Vagina takes on same bluish-violet hue of the cervix during pregnancy
Increase of glycogen in vaginal cells
Causes increased vaginal discharge and heavy shedding of vaginal cells
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| Chloasma | Hyperpigmentation (brown patches) seen on forehead, cheeks, and bridge of nose
Known as the “mask of pregnancy”
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| Linea nigra | Darkened vertical midline between the fundus and the symphysis pubis on the abdomen
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| Striae gravidarum | Stretch marks on the abdomen, thighs, and breasts that occur during pregnancy
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| Quickening | Movement of fetus felt by the mother
Occurs around 18 to 20 weeks’ gestation
Described as a faint abdominal fluttering
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| Hegar’s sign | Softening of the lower segment of the uterus
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| Braxton Hicks contractions | Irregular contractions of the uterus
May occur throughout the pregnancy and are relatively painless
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| Ballottement | Technique of using the examiner’s finger to tap against the uterus, through the vagina, to cause the fetus to “bounce” within the amniotic fluid and feeling it rebound quickly
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| Fetal heartbeat | Detected by ultrasound at approximately 10 weeks’ gestation
Detected by fetoscope at 18 to 20 weeks’ gestation
Rate can vary from 120 to 180 beats per minute
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| Identification of embryo or fetus by ultrasound | Can be detected as early as 5 to 6 weeks with 100 percent reliability
Provides earliest positive confirmation of a pregnancy
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| Fetal movements felt by examiner | Palpable by physician/examiner by the second trimester of pregnancy
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| Birth date for the baby | Expected date of confinement (EDC)
Expected date of delivery (EDD)
Expected date of birth (EDB)
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| Nagele’s rule for calculation of date | Subtract 3 months from beginning of last menstrual period (LMP)
Add 1 year and 7 days to date = expected date of delivery
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| Temporary discomforts of pregnancy | Backache, Edema, Fatigue, Heartburn, Hemorrhoids, Nausea, Varicose Veins
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| Abortion | Termination of a pregnancy before the fetus has reached a viable age, that is, an age at which the fetus could live outside of the uterine environment
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| Abruptio Placenta | Premature separation of a normally implanted placenta from the uterine wall
After the pregnancy has passed 20 weeks’ gestation or during labor
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| Ectopic Pregnancy | Abnormal implantation of a fertilized ovum outside of the uterine cavity
Also called a tubal pregnancy
Approximately 90 percent of all ectopic pregnancies occur in the fallopian tubes
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| Placenta Previa | Condition of pregnancy in which the placenta is implanted in the lower part of the uterus
Precedes the fetus during the birthing process
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| Gestational Diabetes | Disorder in which women who are not diabetic before pregnancy develop diabetes during the pregnancy
Develop an inability to metabolize carbohydrates (glucose intolerance), with resultant hyperglycemia
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| Hydatidiform Mole | Abnormal condition that begins as a pregnancy and deviates from normal development very early
Diseased ovum deteriorates (not producing a fetus)
Chorionic villi of placenta changes to a mass of cysts resembling a bunch of grapes
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| Gestational Diabetes Risk factors | Obesity
Maternal age over 30 years
History of birthing large babies
Usually over 10 pounds
Family history of diabetes
Previous, unexplained stillborn birth
Previous birth with congenital anomalies (defects)
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| Hydatidiform Mole | Also called molar pregnancy, hydatid mole
Growth of this mass progresses much more rapidly than uterine growth with a normal pregnancy
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| Hyperemesis Gravidarum | Abnormal condition of pregnancy characterized by severe vomiting that results in maternal dehydration and weight loss
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| HELLP Syndrome (Hemolytic anemia, Elevated Liver enzymes, and Low Platelet count) | Serious obstetrical complication that occurs in approximately 10 percent of pregnant women with pre-eclampsia or eclampsia
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| HELLP Syndrome Diagnosis | Complete blood cell count
Liver function tests
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| Incompetent Cervix | Condition in which cervical os dilates before the fetus reaches term, without labor or uterine contractions
Usually occurs during second trimester of pregnancy
Results in spontaneous abortion of fetus
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| Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension (PIH) | Development of hypertension during pregnancy in women who had normal blood pressure readings prior to pregnancy
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| Three categories of PIH | Gestational hypertension, Pre-eclampsia, Eclampsia
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| Eclampsia | Most severe form of hypertension during pregnancy
Evidenced by presence of seizures
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| Pre-eclampsia | Develops after 20 weeks’ gestation with proteinuria or edema
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| Gestational hypertension | Develops after 20 weeks’ gestation with no signs of edema or proteinuria
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| Rh Incompatibility | Incompatibility between an Rh-negative mother’s blood with her Rh-positive baby’s blood
Causes mother’s body to develop antibodies that will destroy the Rh positive blood
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| First-Degree Vaginal Tear | are the least severe, involving only the skin around the vaginal opening or perineal skin
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| Second-Degree Vaginal Tear | involve the perineal muscles — the muscles between the vagina and anus that help support the uterus, bladder and rectum
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| Third-Degree Vaginal Tear | involve the perineal muscles and the muscle that surrounds the anus (anal sphincter
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| Fourth-Degree Vaginal Tear | are the most severe. They involve the perineal muscles and anal sphincter as well as the tissue lining the rectum
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| Bloody show | Vaginal discharge that is a mixture of thick mucus and pink or dark brown blood
Occurs as a result of the softening, dilation, and thinning (effacement) of the cervix in preparation for childbirth
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| Braxton Hicks contractions | Mild, irregular contractions that occur throughout pregnancy
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| Lightening | Settling of the fetal head into the pelvis
Occurs a few weeks prior to the onset of labor
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| Contractions (False) | Irregular, Not too frequent, Shorter duration, Not too intense, Discomfort, Felt in abdomen, Felt in groin area
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| Contractions (True) | Regular, More frequent, Longer duration, More intense, Discomfort, Felt in lower back, Radiates to lower abdomen, Feels like menstrual cramps
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| Cesarean section | Surgical procedure in which the abdomen and uterus are incised and a baby is delivered transabdominally
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| Induction of labor | also known as inducing labor — a procedure used to artificially stimulate uterine contractions during pregnancy before labor begins on its own.
Successful labor induction leads to a vaginal birth
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| Forceps delivery | a type of assisted vaginal delivery
sometimes needed in the course of vaginal childbirth
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| Vacuum extraction | a procedure sometimes done during the course of vaginal childbirth.
Clinician applies the vacuum — a soft or rigid cup with a handle and a vacuum pump — to the baby's head to help guide the baby out of the birth canal
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| AFP screening | Serum screening test for birth defects such as spina bifida, Down syndrome, and trisomy 18
Test is offered to pregnant women between 15 and 21 weeks’ gestation
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| Chorionic villus sampling | Prenatal diagnostic test performed in 1st trimester of pregnancy to detect chromosomal abnormalities (such as Down syndrome) in unborn child
Sm amt of placental tissue is removed during 11th to 13th wk of pregnancy
Contains same genetic data as fetus
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| Contraction stress test | Stress test used to evaluate ability of fetus to tolerate stress of labor and delivery
Also known as oxytocin challenge test
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| Fetal monitoring | Use of an electronic device to monitor fetal heart rate and maternal uterine contractions
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| First trimester screening | a blood test and ultrasound to identify risk for birth detects such as Down syndrome and trisomy 18
Only indicates level of risk
Blood test measures PAPP-A and beta HCG
Ultrasound measures nuchal translucency (thickness of skin on back of neck)
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| Nipple stimulation test | Noninvasive technique that produces same results as contraction stress test
Pregnant woman stimulates the nipples of her breasts by rubbing them between her fingers
Causes natural release of oxytocin that causes contractions of uterus
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| Obstetrical ultrasound | Noninvasive procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to examine internal structures and contents of the uterus
Ultrasonography
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| Pelvic ultrasound | Noninvasive procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to examine the abdomen and pelvis
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| Pelvimetry | Process of measuring the female pelvis, manually or by X-ray, to determine its adequacy for childbearing
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