Vocabulary / Chapter 10
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| acetylcholine | Neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends (synapses) of nerve cells.
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| afferent nerves | Carry messages toward the brain and spinal cord (sensory nerves).
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| arachnoid membrane | Middle layer of the three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord. The Greek arachne means spider.
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| astrocyte | A type of glial (neurologic) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries.
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| automonic nervous system | Nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs.
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| axon | Microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell.
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| blood-brain barrier | Blood vessels (capillaries) that selectively let certain substances enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out.
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| brainstem | Lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord. The pons and medulla oblongata are part of the brainstem.
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| cauda equina | Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord.
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| cell body | Part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus.
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| central nervous system (CNS) | Brain and the spinal cord.
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| cerebellum | Posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintain balance.
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| cerebral cortex | Outer region of the cerebrum; containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain.
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| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | Fluid that circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord.
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| cerebrum | Largest part of the brain; responsibles for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory.
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| cerebral cortex | Outer region of the cerebrum; containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain.
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| cranial nerves | Twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain.
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| dendrite | Microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse.
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| dura mater | Thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord (latin for hard mother).
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| efferent nerves | Carry messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerves.
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| ependymal cell | a glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid.
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| glanglion (plural: ganglia) | Collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system.
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| glial cell (neuroglial cell) | Cell in the nervous system that is supportive and connection in function. Examples are astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodentrocytes.
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| gyrus (plural: gyri) | Sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded fold on the surface of the cerebellum; convulution.
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| hypothalamus | Portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland.
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| medulla oblongata | Part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat, and the size of blood vessels; nerve fibers cross over here.
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| meninges | Three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
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| microglial cell | Phogocytic glial cell that removes wates products from the central nervous system.
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| motor nerves | Carry messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent (ef [a from of ex] = away) nerves.
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| myelin sheath | While fatty tissue that surrounds, and insulates the axon of a nerve cell. Myelin speeds impulse conduction along axons.
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| nerve | Macroscopic cordlike collection of fibers (axons and dentrites) that carry electrical impulses.
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| neurotransmitter | Chemical messenger, released of the end of a nerve cell, which can be a nerve cell, muscle cell, or gland cell. Examples of neurotransmitters are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.
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| oligodendroglial cell | Glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons. Also called oligodendrocyte.
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| parasymphathetic nerves | Involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the gastrointestinal tract.
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| parenchyma | Essential, distinguishing tissue of the nervous system; includes the brain and spinal cord. This is to distinguish it from surrounding tissues, such as the meninges.
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| peripheral nervous system | Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves.
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| pia mater | Thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges.
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| plexus (plural: plexuses) | Large, interlacing network of nerves. Examples are lumbosacral, cervical, and brachial (brachi/o means arm) plexuses. The term originated from the Indo-European plek meaning to weave together.
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| pons | Part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain (Latin pons means bridge). It is a bridge connecting various parts of the brain.
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| receptor | Organ that receives a nervous stimulation and passes it on to nerves within the body. The skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds are receptors.
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| sciatic nerve | Nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot. Sciatica is pain or finlammation along the course of the nerve.
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| sensory nerves | Carry messages to the brain and spinal cord from a receptor; afferent (af[a form of ad] = toward) nerve.
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| spinal nerves | Thirty-one pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord. Each spinal nerve affects a particular area of the skin.
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| stimulus (plural: stimuli) | Agent of change (light, sound, touch) in the internal or external environment that evokes a response.
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| stroma | Connective and supporting tissue of an organ. Glial cells are the stromal tissue of the brain.
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| sulcus (plural: sulci) | Depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure.
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| sympathetic nerves | Autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress.
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| synapse | Space through which a nervous impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another or from a neuron to another cell, such as a muscle or gland cell. From the Greek synapsis, a point of contact.
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| thalamus | Main relay center of the brain. It conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum; incoming sensory messages are relayed through the thalamus to appropriate centers in the cerebrum. Latin thalamus means room.
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| vagus nerve | Tenth craniel nerve; its branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach. Latin vagus meanse wondering.
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| ventricles of the brain | Canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid.
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| hydrocephalus | Abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain.
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| spina bifida | Congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts (neural tube defect).
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| Alzheimer disease (AD) | Brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration (dementia) with personality changes and impairment of daily functioning.
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| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | Degeneratiave disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem.
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| epilepsy | Chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity.
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| Huntington disease | Hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movement and mental deterioration.
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| multiple sclerosis (MS) | Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness (-asthenia) of voluntary muscles (attached to bones).
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| palsy | Paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function).
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| Parkinson disease | Involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements; incontrollable vocal sounds; and inappropriate words.
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| Tourette syndrome | Involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds; and inappropriate words.
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| herpes zoster (shingles | Viral infection affecting peripheral nerves
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| meningitis | Inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis.
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| absence seizure | Minor (petit mal) form of seizure, consisting of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awreness of surroundings.
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| aneurysm | Enlarged, weakened area in an arterial wall, which may rupture, leading to hemorrhage and CVA (stroke)
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| astrocytoma | Malignant tumor of astrocytes (glial brain cells).
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| aura | Peculiar sensation experienced by some persons with epilepsy before onset of an actual seizure.
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| blast | Immature cells (as in glioblastoma).
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| dementia | Mental decline and deterioration
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| demyelination | Destruction of myelin on axons of nerves (as in multiple sclerosis).
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| dopamine | CNS neurotransmitter, deficient in patient with Parkinson disease.
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| embolus | A mass (clot) of material travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel.
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| gait | Manner of walking.
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| herpes zoster | Herpes virus that causes shingles-eruption of blisters in a pattern that follows the path of peripheral nerves around the trunk of the body; zoster mean "girdle."
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| ictal event | Pertaining to a sudden, acute onset, as the convulsions of an epileptic seizure.
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| occlusion | Blockage.
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| palliative | Relieving symptoms but not curing.
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| thymectomy | Removal of the thymus gland (a lymphocyte-producing gland in the chest); used as treatment of myasthenia gravis.
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| TIA | Transient inschemic attack.
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| tic | Involuntary movement of a small group of muscles, as of the face; characteristic of Tourette syndrome.
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| tonic-clonic seizure | Major (grand mal) convulsive seizure marked by sudden loss of consciousness, stiffening of muscles, and twitching and jerking movements.
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| AD | Alzheimer disease
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| AFP | alpha-fetoprotein; elevated levels in amniotic fluid and maternal blood are associatd with congenital malformations of the nervous system, such as anencephaly and spina bifida
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| ALS | amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Lou Gehrig's disease
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| AVM | arteriovenous malformation; congenital tangle of arteries and veins in the cerebrum
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| CNS | central nervous system
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| CSF | cerebrospinal fluid
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| CT | computed tomography
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| CVA | cerebrovascular accident
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| EEG | electroencephalography
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| GABA | gamma-aminobutyric acid (neurotransmitter)
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| ICP | intracranial pressure (normal pressure is 5 to 15 mm Hg)
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| LP | lumbar puncture
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| MAC | monitored anesthetic care
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| MG | myasthenia gravis
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| MRA | magnetic resonance angiography
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| MRI | magnetic resonance imaging
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| MS | multiple sclerosis
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| 1/2P | hemiparesis
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| PET | positron emission tomography
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| PSRS | proton steriotactic radiosurgery
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| Sz | seizure
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| TBI | traumatic brain injury
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| TENS | transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation; technique using a battry-powered device to relieve acute and chronic pain
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| TIA | transient ischemic attack; temporary interference with the blood supply to the brain
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| tPA | tissue plasminogen activator; a clot-dissolving drug used as therapy for strokes
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| Parts of the brain | Cerebrum, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Cerebellum, Pons, Medulla Oblongata
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| Cerebrum | Thinking, Personality, Movements, Sensation, Memory
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| Thalamus | Relay station of sensory impulses; pain
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| Hypothalamus | Body Temperature,Sleep, Appetite, Emotion; control the pituitary gland
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| Pons | Connection of nerves (to control eyes and face
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| Medulla Oblongata | Nerve fiber crossover, left to right and right to left; contains centers to regulate heart, blood vessels, respiratory system
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| lept/o | thin, slender
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| my/o | muscle
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| myel/o | spinal cord (meanse bone marrow in other contexts)
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| radicul/o | nerve root (of spinal nerves)
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| thec/o | sheath (refers to the meninges)
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| vag/o | vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve)
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| caus/o | burning
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| comat/o | deep sleep (coma)
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| lex/o | word, phrase
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| -phasia | speech
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| -praxia | action
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| -sthenia | strength
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| tax/o | order, coordination
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| ictal event | Pertaining to a sudden, acute onset, as the convulsions of an epileptic seizure.
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| palliative | Relieving symptoms but no curing.
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| tonic-clonic seizure | Major (grand mal) convulsive seizure marked by sudden loss of consciousness, stiffening of muscles, and twitching and jerking movements.
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| cerebrospinal fluid analysis | Doctors measure water, glucose, sodium, chloride, and protein, RBC, WBC, dectect tumor cells, bacteria, and viruses. These studies are used to diagnose infection, tumors, or multiple sclerosis.
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| ataxia | Uncoordinated gait
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| transient ischemic attack | interruption of blood supply to the cerebrum; mini-stroke
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| tonic-clonic seizure | Major epileptic seizure; ictal event
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| herpes zoster | virus that causes chickenpox and shingles
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| palliative | relieving but not curing
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| dopamine | relieving, but not curing
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| absence seizure | minor epileptic seizure
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| glioblastoma multiforme | malignant brain tumor of immature glial cells
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| paresthesias | abnormal tingling sensations
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| paresis | slight paralysis
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| radiculitis | inflammation of a spinal nerve root
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| apraxia | movements and behaior that are not purposefull
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| ataxia | lack of muscular coordination
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| paraplegia | paralysis in the lower half of the body
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| neurasthenia | nervous exhausion and fatique
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| synapse | space between nerve cells
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