IPHY 3410- final
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| Special senses receptor types | chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors
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| Two types of papillae on tongue | fungiform and circumvallate
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| Fungiform papilla | just for gripping food, no receptors
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| Circumvallate papilla | contains taste buds
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| Taste sensations | sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami
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| Flavor | combination of taste, smell, texture
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| Tear drainage pathway | lacrimal canaliculi, lactrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, nasal cavity
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| Strabismus | cross eyed, caused by eye muscle problems
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| Amblyopia | reduced vision in the weaker lazy eye
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| Fibrous tunic/what made of | outer layer of eye; sclera and cornea, dense irregular CT
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| Sclera is covered by what (and what is it made of) | conjunctiva, stratified columnar w/ goblet cells
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| Fibrous tunic is an extension of what | dura mater
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| Vascular tunic | choroid, iris, ciliary body
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| Ciliary body | controls shape of lens
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| Choroid | vascular, dark surface that absorbs excess light
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| What structure removes aqueous humor | scleral venous sinus
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| What produces aqueous humor | ciliary processes of ciliary body
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| Sensory tunic | retina w/ two layers, pigmented and neural
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| Pigmented layer of retina | melanin granules to absorb light and nourish neural layer
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| Neural layer of retina | photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
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| Photoreceptors activate what (which then activates what) | bipolar, ganglion
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| Optic disk | where axons of ganglion cells leave the eye
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| Macula lutea | region at posterior pole of eye, mostly cones
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| Fovea centralis | (in macula lutea) all cones, where the image focuses
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| Lens is made of what | simple cuboidal epithelium along anterior surface, concentric layers of fibers
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| Myopic | nearsighted, eye too long
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| Hyperopic | farsighted, eye too short
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| Astigmatism | abnormal shaped cornea
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| What is aqueous humor made of | blood filtrate
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| Glaucoma | aqueous humor is drained slower than it is produced
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| What is vitreous humor made of | 98% water w/ some collagen
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| Detached retina | tear in retina allow vitreous humor between pigmented and neural layers of retina
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| What is found in external acoustic meatus | stratified squamous epithelium, hair cells, ceruminous glands (wax)
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| What types of tissue are on either side of eardrum | fibrous CT outside, mucous membrane inside
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| What tube allows pressure exchange in ear | pharyngotympanic tube
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| Pathway of bone vibration in ear | malleus, incus, stapes
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| What 2 muscles are found in the ear | tensor tympani, stapedius
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| Tensor tympani attaches to what | malleus
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| Stapedius attaches to what | stapes
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| Oval window | where vibrations from stapes pass to fluid of inner ear
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| Round window | where vibrations leave inner ear after activating receptors
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| What fluid in bony labyrinth | perilymph
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| Body labyrinth | cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals
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| What fluid in membranous labyrinth | endolymph
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| Membranous labyrinth | cochlear duct, utricle, saccule, semicircular ducts
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| 5 types of cells in spiral organ of corti | hair cells (mechanoreceptor), hairs/stereocilia (create electrical impulse), tectorial membrane (collagen around stereocilia), fibers of cochlear nerve, supporting cells
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| utricle | responds to acceleration in horizontal direction
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| saccule | responds to vertical movements
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| what type of fluid fills utricle and saccule | endolymph
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| macula | region of sensory epitheluum
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| vertigo | alcohol, infection, otoliths dislodged & can affect crista ampullaris
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| vomeronasal organ | pheromones
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| what is lymph called when it's not in the lymphatic system yet | interstitial fluid
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| layers of lymph vessels | tunica intima (epithelium), tunica media (SM), tunica externa (CT)
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| elephantiasis | lymphedema caused by a parasite
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| afferent lymphatic vessels | drain into node
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| efferent lymphatic vessels | drain away from node
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| lymph node general structure | cortex and medulla
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| right lymphatic duct | drains right side
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| thoracic duct | drains most of body, all of left and bottom of right
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| thymus | location where some immature lymphocytes gain immunocompetence
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| white pulp (spleen) | immune/lymphocytes to remove blood borne antigens
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| red pulp (spleen) | removal of old and defective blood cells
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| 3 kidney functions | filtration, resorption, secretion
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| site of all filtration | renal corpuscle
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| name of cells in visceral layer of glomerular capsule | podocytes
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| proximal convoluted tubule cell type | simple cuboidal w/ microvilli
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| proximal convoluted tubule function | resorption and secretion
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| descending loop of henle cell type | simple squamous
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| descending loop of henle function | resorption of WATER
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| ascending loop of henle cell type | simple cuboidal
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| ascending loop of henle function | resorption and secretion
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| distal convoluted tubule cell type | simple cuboidal
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| distal convoluted tubule function | resorption and secretion
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| collecting duct cell type | simple cuboidal
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| collecting duct function | resorption and secretion
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| which process that takes place between a nephron and capillary would concentrate urine within the nephron | resorption
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| what structure surrounds cortical nephrons/function | peritubular capillaries/resorption
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| what structure surrounds loop of henle/function | vasa recta/resorbing water and concentrating urine
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| what type of epithelium in ureter | transitional
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| female vs. male urethra | 3-4cm vs 20cm
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| what type of epithelium is external urethral orifice | stratified squamous
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| dartos muscle | smooth muscle that wrinkles scrotal skin to increase thickness for warmth
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| cremaster muscle | elevates testes for warmth
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| two things deep to cremaster muscle | tunica vaginalis (serous membrane), tunica albuginea (fibrous capsule around testes)
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| sperm stem cells | spermatogonium
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| head of epididymis | immotile sperm
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| tail of epididymis | storage (broken down after several months)
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| seminal vesicle | 60% of seminal fluid, prostaglandins and fructose
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| ejaculatory duct | seminal vesicle + vas deferens
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| prostate | 30% of seminal fluid, clotting factor/motility
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| balbourethral gland | basic fluid
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| corpus cavernosum function | paired/primary erectile bodies
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| corpus spongiosum function | keep urethra open during ejaculation
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| labia majora is homologous to | scrotum
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| labina minora is homologous to | corpus spongiosum
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| clitoris is homologous to | corpus cavernosum
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| parts of mammary glands | lactiferous duct, lobule w/ alveoli, nipple, adipose tissue
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| follicular phase | 1-14
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| luteal phase | 14-28
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| corpus luteum | endocrine structure
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| 3 layers of uterine wall | perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
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| Light entering the retina passes the cells in which order | ganglion, bipolar, rods/cones
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| Cells of the retina are activated in what order? Cones/rods, bipolar, ganglion |
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| What is the pathway of sound between the stapes and the sensory receptors of the cochlea? | Oval window; scala vestibule; cochlear duct (scala media); basilar membrane; hair cell
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| What is the pathway of sound through fluids starting at the oval window through to dissipation of the sound waves at the round window? | Perilymph of scala vestibule; endolymph of cochlear duct; perilymph of scala tympani
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| The spiral organ of Corti is involved in which function(s)? | hearing
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| The semicircular canal is involved in which function(s)? | balance
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| The maculae is involved in which function(s)? | balance
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| The cochlear duct is involved in which function(s)? | hearing
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| The cristae ampullares are involved in which function(s)? | balance
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| The semicircular canal is involved in which function(s)? | balance
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| The endolymph is involved in which function(s)? | balance and hearing
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| The perilymph is involved in which function(s)? | balance and hearing
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| Where does drainage of fluid/material occur from blood to lymph? | near most capillary beds
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| Where does drainage of fluid/material occur from lymph to blood? | in neck veins
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| Desert animals need to concentrate urine. What structural changes in the kidney would be associated with this? | longer loop of henle and more juxtamedullary nephrons
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| List the order in which a sperm would pass through the following structures after leaving the seminiferous tubule | Rete testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, prostatic urethra, spongy urethra
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| 3 types of joints | fibrous, cartilagenous, synovial
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| type of epithelium in nasopharynx | pseudostratified ciliated columnar
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| type of epithelium in oropharynx | stratified squamous
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| type of epithelium in laryngopharynx | stratified squamous
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| What is the basilar membrane? | a membrane that separates the scala media from the scala tympani, and vibrates when a sound
wave hits it
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| where is interstitial fluid able to enter the lymphatic vessels? | through flaps between the simple squamous cells of the lymphatic capillaries
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| Which structure allows for voluntary control of the release of urine from the urinary bladder? | External urethral sphincter
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| What type of tissue is the detrusor layer of the urinary bladder? | Smooth muscle
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| What happens within a sinusoid of a liver lobule? | Nutrient rich blood from a venule and oxygen rich blood from an arteriole mix
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