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IPHY 3410- final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Special senses receptor types | chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors |
| Two types of papillae on tongue | fungiform and circumvallate |
| Fungiform papilla | just for gripping food, no receptors |
| Circumvallate papilla | contains taste buds |
| Taste sensations | sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami |
| Flavor | combination of taste, smell, texture |
| Tear drainage pathway | lacrimal canaliculi, lactrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, nasal cavity |
| Strabismus | cross eyed, caused by eye muscle problems |
| Amblyopia | reduced vision in the weaker lazy eye |
| Fibrous tunic/what made of | outer layer of eye; sclera and cornea, dense irregular CT |
| Sclera is covered by what (and what is it made of) | conjunctiva, stratified columnar w/ goblet cells |
| Fibrous tunic is an extension of what | dura mater |
| Vascular tunic | choroid, iris, ciliary body |
| Ciliary body | controls shape of lens |
| Choroid | vascular, dark surface that absorbs excess light |
| What structure removes aqueous humor | scleral venous sinus |
| What produces aqueous humor | ciliary processes of ciliary body |
| Sensory tunic | retina w/ two layers, pigmented and neural |
| Pigmented layer of retina | melanin granules to absorb light and nourish neural layer |
| Neural layer of retina | photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells |
| Photoreceptors activate what (which then activates what) | bipolar, ganglion |
| Optic disk | where axons of ganglion cells leave the eye |
| Macula lutea | region at posterior pole of eye, mostly cones |
| Fovea centralis | (in macula lutea) all cones, where the image focuses |
| Lens is made of what | simple cuboidal epithelium along anterior surface, concentric layers of fibers |
| Myopic | nearsighted, eye too long |
| Hyperopic | farsighted, eye too short |
| Astigmatism | abnormal shaped cornea |
| What is aqueous humor made of | blood filtrate |
| Glaucoma | aqueous humor is drained slower than it is produced |
| What is vitreous humor made of | 98% water w/ some collagen |
| Detached retina | tear in retina allow vitreous humor between pigmented and neural layers of retina |
| What is found in external acoustic meatus | stratified squamous epithelium, hair cells, ceruminous glands (wax) |
| What types of tissue are on either side of eardrum | fibrous CT outside, mucous membrane inside |
| What tube allows pressure exchange in ear | pharyngotympanic tube |
| Pathway of bone vibration in ear | malleus, incus, stapes |
| What 2 muscles are found in the ear | tensor tympani, stapedius |
| Tensor tympani attaches to what | malleus |
| Stapedius attaches to what | stapes |
| Oval window | where vibrations from stapes pass to fluid of inner ear |
| Round window | where vibrations leave inner ear after activating receptors |
| What fluid in bony labyrinth | perilymph |
| Body labyrinth | cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals |
| What fluid in membranous labyrinth | endolymph |
| Membranous labyrinth | cochlear duct, utricle, saccule, semicircular ducts |
| 5 types of cells in spiral organ of corti | hair cells (mechanoreceptor), hairs/stereocilia (create electrical impulse), tectorial membrane (collagen around stereocilia), fibers of cochlear nerve, supporting cells |
| utricle | responds to acceleration in horizontal direction |
| saccule | responds to vertical movements |
| what type of fluid fills utricle and saccule | endolymph |
| macula | region of sensory epitheluum |
| vertigo | alcohol, infection, otoliths dislodged & can affect crista ampullaris |
| vomeronasal organ | pheromones |
| what is lymph called when it's not in the lymphatic system yet | interstitial fluid |
| layers of lymph vessels | tunica intima (epithelium), tunica media (SM), tunica externa (CT) |
| elephantiasis | lymphedema caused by a parasite |
| afferent lymphatic vessels | drain into node |
| efferent lymphatic vessels | drain away from node |
| lymph node general structure | cortex and medulla |
| right lymphatic duct | drains right side |
| thoracic duct | drains most of body, all of left and bottom of right |
| thymus | location where some immature lymphocytes gain immunocompetence |
| white pulp (spleen) | immune/lymphocytes to remove blood borne antigens |
| red pulp (spleen) | removal of old and defective blood cells |
| 3 kidney functions | filtration, resorption, secretion |
| site of all filtration | renal corpuscle |
| name of cells in visceral layer of glomerular capsule | podocytes |
| proximal convoluted tubule cell type | simple cuboidal w/ microvilli |
| proximal convoluted tubule function | resorption and secretion |
| descending loop of henle cell type | simple squamous |
| descending loop of henle function | resorption of WATER |
| ascending loop of henle cell type | simple cuboidal |
| ascending loop of henle function | resorption and secretion |
| distal convoluted tubule cell type | simple cuboidal |
| distal convoluted tubule function | resorption and secretion |
| collecting duct cell type | simple cuboidal |
| collecting duct function | resorption and secretion |
| which process that takes place between a nephron and capillary would concentrate urine within the nephron | resorption |
| what structure surrounds cortical nephrons/function | peritubular capillaries/resorption |
| what structure surrounds loop of henle/function | vasa recta/resorbing water and concentrating urine |
| what type of epithelium in ureter | transitional |
| female vs. male urethra | 3-4cm vs 20cm |
| what type of epithelium is external urethral orifice | stratified squamous |
| dartos muscle | smooth muscle that wrinkles scrotal skin to increase thickness for warmth |
| cremaster muscle | elevates testes for warmth |
| two things deep to cremaster muscle | tunica vaginalis (serous membrane), tunica albuginea (fibrous capsule around testes) |
| sperm stem cells | spermatogonium |
| head of epididymis | immotile sperm |
| tail of epididymis | storage (broken down after several months) |
| seminal vesicle | 60% of seminal fluid, prostaglandins and fructose |
| ejaculatory duct | seminal vesicle + vas deferens |
| prostate | 30% of seminal fluid, clotting factor/motility |
| balbourethral gland | basic fluid |
| corpus cavernosum function | paired/primary erectile bodies |
| corpus spongiosum function | keep urethra open during ejaculation |
| labia majora is homologous to | scrotum |
| labina minora is homologous to | corpus spongiosum |
| clitoris is homologous to | corpus cavernosum |
| parts of mammary glands | lactiferous duct, lobule w/ alveoli, nipple, adipose tissue |
| follicular phase | 1-14 |
| luteal phase | 14-28 |
| corpus luteum | endocrine structure |
| 3 layers of uterine wall | perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium |
| Light entering the retina passes the cells in which order | ganglion, bipolar, rods/cones |
| Cells of the retina are activated in what order? Cones/rods, bipolar, ganglion | |
| What is the pathway of sound between the stapes and the sensory receptors of the cochlea? | Oval window; scala vestibule; cochlear duct (scala media); basilar membrane; hair cell |
| What is the pathway of sound through fluids starting at the oval window through to dissipation of the sound waves at the round window? | Perilymph of scala vestibule; endolymph of cochlear duct; perilymph of scala tympani |
| The spiral organ of Corti is involved in which function(s)? | hearing |
| The semicircular canal is involved in which function(s)? | balance |
| The maculae is involved in which function(s)? | balance |
| The cochlear duct is involved in which function(s)? | hearing |
| The cristae ampullares are involved in which function(s)? | balance |
| The semicircular canal is involved in which function(s)? | balance |
| The endolymph is involved in which function(s)? | balance and hearing |
| The perilymph is involved in which function(s)? | balance and hearing |
| Where does drainage of fluid/material occur from blood to lymph? | near most capillary beds |
| Where does drainage of fluid/material occur from lymph to blood? | in neck veins |
| Desert animals need to concentrate urine. What structural changes in the kidney would be associated with this? | longer loop of henle and more juxtamedullary nephrons |
| List the order in which a sperm would pass through the following structures after leaving the seminiferous tubule | Rete testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, prostatic urethra, spongy urethra |
| 3 types of joints | fibrous, cartilagenous, synovial |
| type of epithelium in nasopharynx | pseudostratified ciliated columnar |
| type of epithelium in oropharynx | stratified squamous |
| type of epithelium in laryngopharynx | stratified squamous |
| What is the basilar membrane? | a membrane that separates the scala media from the scala tympani, and vibrates when a sound wave hits it |
| where is interstitial fluid able to enter the lymphatic vessels? | through flaps between the simple squamous cells of the lymphatic capillaries |
| Which structure allows for voluntary control of the release of urine from the urinary bladder? | External urethral sphincter |
| What type of tissue is the detrusor layer of the urinary bladder? | Smooth muscle |
| What happens within a sinusoid of a liver lobule? | Nutrient rich blood from a venule and oxygen rich blood from an arteriole mix |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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