Chapters 1-6 Midterm questions
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| Which of the following groups of elements account for more than 95% of the human body by weight? | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
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| If the concentration of glucose in the water outside of a cell is higher than the concentration inside, | water will leave the cell by osmosis.
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| Nucleic acids are | composed of building blocks called nucleotides.
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| Chemistry is important to the study of physiology because | all of the above.
1-the foods that we eat are chemicals.
2-body functions depend on cellular functions that reflect chemical changes.
3-chemical reactions enable our bodies to extract energy from nutrients.
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| Lipids | all of the above.
1-are insoluble in water.
2-include phospholipids, cholesterol, and fats.
3-contain C, H, and O, but with proportionately less oxygen than in carbohydrates.
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| Cells lose water when placed in a __________ solution. | hypertonic
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| The elbow is distal to the wrist. | False
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| Which of the choices includes all acids? | Vinegar, grapes, tomatoes, and coffee
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| Stages of the cell cycle unfold in the following order: | interphase, mitosis, cytoplasmic division, differentiation
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| The secondary structure of a protein molecule is the result of | hydrogen bonds.
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| In negative feedback mechanisms changes away from the normal state | stimulate changes in the opposite direction.
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| The symbol Na+ represents a sodium atom that has lost an electron. | True
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| Cilia and flagella extend from certain cells, enabling them to move. | True
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| Which of the following correctly describes the structural organization of the cell membrane? | A bilayer of phospholipid molecules in which protein molecules are embedded and can move
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| What characteristic do simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion share? | Both move a substance from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration without cellular energy.
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| During interphase, a cell rests. | False
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| Which of the following is not true of organelles? | They are only in cells of humans.
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| Which of the following groups of compounds is hydrophobic? | Lipids
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| Microfilaments and microtubules are part of the cytoskeleton. | True
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| The activities of an anatomist consist of ______, whereas those of a physiologist consist of _____. | observing body parts; studying functions of body parts
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| Which of the following substances is an element? | Iron
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| Saturated fats _______ than unsaturated fats. | have more single carbon-carbon bonds
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| A selectively permeable membrane | allows some substances to pass through and excludes others.
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| Which of the following transport processes does not require expenditure of cellular energy? | Facilitated diffusion
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| When the body is placed in the anatomical position, which of the following is not true? | The palms are facing backward.
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| A cell that can divide to give rise to any cell type is | totipotent.
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| Signs of aging at the cellular level are | impaired cell division and the ability to break down and recycle worn cell parts.
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| Metabolism is defined as _____. | all the chemical reactions occurring in an organism that support life
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| The three major parts of a cell are | the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane.
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| The number of protons in an atom of an element always equals its atomic weight. | False
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| The relationship of osmotic pressure and the number of solute particles in a solution is the | greater the number of solute particles, the greater the osmotic pressure.
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| The atoms of the isotopes of a particular element vary in the number of | Neutrons
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| Which of the following organs is in the abdominopelvic cavity? | The liver
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| A decomposition reaction can be symbolized by | AB → A + B.
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| The oral, nasal, orbital, and middle ear cavities are in the dorsal cavity. | False
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| Which of the following lists best illustrates the idea of increasing levels of complexity? | Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
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| An electrolyte ionizes in water. | True
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| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum does not. | False
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| A water solution that contains equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions is | Neutral
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| Homeostasis is the | tendency of the body to maintain a stable internal environment.
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| Which of the following is an example of catabolism? | The breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm and mitochondria.
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| A cofactor is ______ and examples are _____. | a necessary part of some enzymes; copper, iron, and zinc
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| Dehydration synthesis reactions _____, whereas hydrolysis reactions _____. | lose H2O to form bonds; use H2O to break bonds
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| Catabolism builds up molecules and anabolism breaks down molecules. | False
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| An active site of an enzyme is | the part of an enzyme that combines with a substrate.
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| A cell may contain hundreds of different types of enzymes. True | True
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| Which choice lists structures in order of increasing size? | nitrogenous base - nucleotide - gene - chromosome - genome
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| A glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvic acid molecules in | Glycolysis
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| If one strand of DNA has the sequence TCAGGCTATTCCCG, then the complementary sequence of the other strand is | AGTCCGATAAGGGC.
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| An ATP molecule consists of an adenine, a ribose, and three phosphates. | True
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| An enzyme is | a molecule, usually a protein, that speeds the rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the activation energy
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| ATP is important to cellular processes because it | provides energy for cellular work when the terminal, high-energy bond is broken.
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| The electron transport chain is a series of enzyme complexes that pass electrons, releasing energy that is used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP on the inner mitochondrial membrane. | True
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| Which of the following is not true regarding RNA? | It is double-stranded.
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| Which of the following substances increases in abundance during cellular respiration? | ATP
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| "Metabolism" refers to | all of the chemical reactions in a cell.
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| A serous membrane consists of a | layer of simple squamous epithelium and a thin layer of areolar tissue.
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| Tissues are groups of cells that have a common overall function, yet are distinctive in their characteristic cell types and the molecules that the cells produce. | True
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| Adipose tissue is a form of | connective tissue.
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| The tissue that forms the outermost layer of the skin is a type of connective tissue. | False
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| A _______ membrane lines tubes and cavities that open to the outside of the body. | Mucous
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| A skeletal muscle fiber contains many nuclei. | True
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| The type of intercellular junction that forms tubular channels is | a gap junction.
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| Bone cells form concentric circles around longitudinal tubes called | central canals.
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| Which of the following is not one of the four basic types of body tissues? | Eye tissue
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| Tendons and ligaments are composed primarily of | dense regular connective tissue.
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| Blood is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets suspended in a fluid extracellular matrix called plasma. | True
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| The type of intercellular junction that consists of fused membranes is a(an) | tight junction
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| Involuntary muscle tissues are | smooth muscle tissue and cardiac muscle tissue.
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| Smooth muscle is found in the wall of the | stomach and intestine.
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| Histology is the study of the history of anatomy and physiology. | False
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| Which of the following characteristics is used to name tissue types? | Organization of cells
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| The tissue through which gases are exchanged between the blood and the air in the lungs is | simple squamous epithelium.
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| A (An) ______ gland does not branch before reaching the glandular cells or secretory part. | simple
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| Muscle cells with more than one nucleus are | skeletal muscle cells only.
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| What determines the color of skin? | The amount of melanin that melanocytes produce.
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| Inflammation makes skin | red, swollen and painful to touch.
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| Blood vessels in the ___________ supply epidermal cells with nutrients. | Dermis
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| Which person is at highest risk of developing a cutaneous carcinoma? | a light-complexioned man age 52 who goes to the beach on summer weekends and does not use sunblock because he likes to be tan.
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| Which of the following happens first after a scab forms? | fibroblasts from the wound edge form new collagenous fibers.
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| Milk and ear wax | are secreted from modified sweat glands.
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| The arrector pili muscle is attached to | a hair follicle.
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| The hardness of a nail comes from | keratin.
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| Nerve fibers scattered throughout the dermis are associated with | muscles, glands, and sensory receptors.
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| Injections that are administered into the tissues of the skin are called | intradermal.
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| Hypothermia is | a lowered body temperature.
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| Skin cancer is most likely to develop from | nonpigmented epithelial cells.
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| The dermis is composed largely of | dense irregular connective tissue
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| Shafts of hair are composed of | dead epidermal cells.
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| Aging affects the appearance of the skin producing wrinkles and sagging due to decreased collagen and elastin formation. | True
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| In treating a burn patient, the "rule of nines" is used to estimate the | surface area of the burn.
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| A second degree burn is the same as a full-thickness burn. | False
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| Eccrine sweat glands differ from sebaceous glands | all of the above.
1-in type of secretion.
2-in their location.
3-in whether or not they are associated with hair follicles.
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| The human integumentary system includes | skin, nails, hair follicles, and sweat glands
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| As epidermal cells move up through the strata away from their blood supply, they die and become keratinized. | True
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| Skin wrinkles with age because | fat is lost from the subcutaneous layer and the dermis shrinks.
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| Cutaneous carcinomas are usually caused by regular exposure to | ultraviolet light.
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| Three physiological factors that affect the color of skin are: volume of blood in dermal vessels, carotene in the subcutaneous layer, and various diseases | True
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| A nail consists of | a nail bed and nail plate.
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| Which of the following is a normal response to excessive loss of body heat in a cold environment? | Dermal blood vessels constrict.
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| A parietal layer of a serous membrane _______, whereas a visceral layer of a serous membrane ________. | lines cavities; covers organs
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| The anatomical term that indicates a structure close to the surface is | superficial
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| Which of the following characteristics of life and their descriptions are correct? | Circulation-the movement of substances in body fluids
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| In all organisms, the basic unit of structure and function is | the cell.
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| The thoracic cavity lies _____________ the abdominopelvic cavity. | superior to
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| The ears are lateral to the eyes. | True
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| An anatomical section that separates the body into right and left portions is a __________ section. | sagittal
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| The ability of an organism to sense and react to changes in its body illustrates | responsiveness.
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| Kidneys are part of the lymphatic system. | False
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| A chemical reaction in which parts of different molecules trade positions is a(n) | exchange reaction.
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| Which of the following is characteristic of carbohydrates? | all of the above.
1-They contain C, H, O, with twice as many hydrogen as oxygen atoms.
2-They provide much of the energy that the cell requires.
3-They include sugars and starches.
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| Electrolytes are substances that | ionize in water.
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| The atomic weight of an element whose atoms contain 8 protons, 8 electrons, and 8 neutrons is | 16
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| The difference in hydrogen ion concentration between solutions with pH 4 and pH 5 is | tenfold.
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| An organic compound always contains | carbon and hydrogen.
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| The formula H2O refers to | A molecule that contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
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| The major components of the cell membrane are | lipids and proteins.
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| Which of the following does not influence the rate of diffusion? | The amount of energy available for transport molecules
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| Apoptosis is also known as | programmed cell death
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| The process by which cells specialize is called differentiation. | True
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| A protein that spans the cell membrane is termed a(n) | integral protein.
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| For which of the following organelles is the structure and function correctly described? | Endoplasmic reticulum-a network of interconnected membranes forming sacs and canals that packages protein molecules for secretion
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