The Urinary System
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| what are some of the functions of the kidney? | filters fluid from our blood, regulates water volume & osmolality, produice renin, helps with acid/base balance
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| when people take blood pressure pills...why do they urinate a lot? | they're getting rid of blood volume in hopes to lower BP
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| renal fascia | outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue - anchors kidney & adrenal glands
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| perirenal fat capsule | fatty mass that surrounds kidneys - cushions it against blows
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| fibrous capsule | prevents infections in surrounding regions of kidney
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| temporary storage for urine | bladder
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| paired tubes that transfers urine from kidney --> bladder | ureter
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| tube that carries urine out the body | urethra
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| why does the bladder have rugae folds? | so it can stretch to hold urine
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| the last area before urine leaves to go to the ureter is known as the... | renal pelvis
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| the renal medulla contains most of the collecting tubules where we... | collect urine & start to bring urine to center of kidney
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| the renal artery/vein enters the kidney & the ureter leaves the kidney via this structure... | renal hilum
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| urine is carried down from the pyramid and exits through the.... | renal papillae
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| the renal column | acts as areas for blood vessels to travel through
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| the calyces... | drain each renal pyramid
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| this calyx comes in contact with the renal pelvis | major calyx
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| this calyx comes in contact with the renal papilla | minor calyx
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| what structures are in the medulla of the nephron? | collecting duct & nephron loop
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| where does filtration take place? | the renal corpuscle
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| the cortex of the kidney consists of.... | nephrons, renal corpuscle & renal tubules
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| the glomerulus receives blood from the... | afferent arteriole
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| microscopic filtering units - where the actual work is done is known as... | nephrons
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| the ___ begins urine production, finalize urine by reabsorption and excrete excess ions | nephron
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| the ___ is where things are filtered out and contains many tiny pores & allows movement of filtrate | bowmans capsuile
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| only about 20% passes bowman's capsule..the rest goes to... | efferent arteriole
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| the renal tubule consists of... | nrphron loop, PCT, DCT
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| most absorption is done in the.... | PCT
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| PTH promotes reabsorption of calcium ions in the.... | DCT
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| what is the job of the collecting duct? | it collects & concentrate urine, adjusts urine osmolarilty
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| the renal corpuscle is simply the __ and __ | glomerulus and bowman's capsule
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| what happens in glomerular filtration? | glucose, amino acids & ions are filtered.. exits through vasa recta
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| the presence of glucose or proteins in the urine usually indicates.... | a problem with the filtration membrane
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| tubular reabsorption takes place in the.... | collecting ducts & renal tubules
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| anything that's not reabsorbed becomes... | urine
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| the process of reclaiming everything filtered such as amino acids, glucose, ions is known as ___ | tubular reabsorption
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| tubular rebasorption returns.... |
needed substances back to the blood
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| mains site of tubular secretion | PCT
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| tubular secretion functions in... | acid/base balance, disposing of undesirable substances & ridding body of excess K+
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| filtrate is.... | everything found in the body but proteins & RBC's
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| outward pressures __ glomerular filtration | promote
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| inward pressures ___ glomerular filtration | inhibit
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| chief pressure pushing solutes & water out of blood across membrane | glomerular hydrostatic pressure (55mmHg)
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| the glomerular hydrostatic pressure is essentially.. | blood pressure
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| the inward pressure pushing into the capsule is known as ... | hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capsule (15mmHg)
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| the inward pressure applied by proteins in the blood is called... | osmotic pressure in glomerular capillaries (30 mmHg)
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| the NFP determines the ___ | glomerular filtration rate
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| net filtration pressure = | (outward pressures-inward pressure)
(55mHg) -(15+30mmHg)
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| the volume of filtrate formed each minute by the combined activity of all the glomeruli in the kidneys | glomerular filtration rate
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| selective movement of substances from blood to filtrate is known as... | tubular secretion
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| if GFR increases...what happens to urine output and blood pressure/volume? | this increases urine output - BP/volume decreases
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| GFR can be controlled by changing one variable, known as... | glomerular hydrostatic pressure
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| the myogenic mechanism is... | a response to decrease GFR
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| if the glomerular hydrostatic pressure rises...what happens to the net filtration pressure and GFR? | they both rise
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| what happens if the glomerular hydrostatic pressure drops too low? | GFR can drop to 0!
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| in the myogenic mechanism, what activates the sensory stretch receptors? | increase in blood pressure
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| what is the purpose of the JGC complex? | it helps regulate rate of filtration & increases blood pressure
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| the granular cells a.k.a the juxtaglomerular cells functions in... | secretes renin when pressure is low
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| renin is secreted when... | BP is low
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| the extraglomerular mesangial cells... | pass regulatory signals between macula densa & granular cells
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| most of the reabsorption is done here. | PCT
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| the PCT reabsorbs... | 65% salt & water, glucose and amino acids, urea & uric acid
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| this method of reabsorption is uncontrollable, it takes place in the PCT where water follows solute. | obligatory water reabsorption
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| this method of absorption is adjustable and depends on the ADH levels. | falculatative water absorption
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| ADH determines the number of.... | aquaporins (water channels)
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| ADH is produced in response to... | saltiness of fluid
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| the interaction between the flow of filtrate through the ascending & descending limbs of the nephron loop is known as the | counter-current multiplier
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| when you overhydrate...what happens to ECF osmolarity & ADH? | they both decrease
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| what are cortical nephrons? | short nephron loops, account for 85% of nephrons
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| in cortical nephrons, efferent arterioles supply.... | peritubular capillairies
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| in juxtamedullary nephrons, efferent arterioles supply the... | vasa recta
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| juxtamedullary nephrons are __ nephron groups that... | long. creates the osmotic gradient - helps concentrate urine
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| who's job is it to maintain the gradient? and what is it highly permeable to? | vasa recta - salt and water
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| the ___ uses the gradient to adjust urine osmolarity | collecting duct
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| the descending limb pumps out __ while the ascending limb pumps out ___ | water - salt
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| function of ADH. | inhibits urine production
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| ADH is released by the... | posterior pituitary
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| ___ is when selected substances (creatine, hydrogen and potassium ions) are moved from peritubular capillaries through tubule cells into filtrate | tubular secretion
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| what happens when the pH drops and gets more acidic? | renal tubules secrete more hydrogen ions in filtrate to form bicarbonate
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| what happens when the pH rises and becomes more basic? | renal tubules secrete more chloride ions
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| when ketone bodies are found in the urine, it is usually a sign of... | starvation
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| voiding (micturition) is simply the act of... | emptying the urinary bladder
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| in order for micturition to occur. what must happen? | the detrusor muscle must contract & the sphincters must open.
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| the pontine storage center ___ urine and ___ sympathetic and somatic motor nerve activity... | inhibits - increases
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| the pontine micturition center __ urine while ___ the sympathetic and somatic motor nerve activity | promotes - decreases
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| ___ increases reabsorption of calcium | PTH
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| atrial natririude peptide functions in | conserving sodium by decreasing blood volume/pressure
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| angiotensin II stimulates the release of what 2 hormones? | ADH & aldosterone
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| aldosterone causes increased ___ and ___ | sodium & water absorption
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| aldosterone pulls ___ in while spitting___ out | sodium - potassium
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| aldosterone is released from the ___ | adrenal corttex
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| what effect does aldosterone have on blood volume & pressure? | increases it
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| what hormone causes water to be reabsorbed back into the body and prevents water loss in urine | ADH
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| if you decrease water in the urine...it becomes more ___ | concentrated
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| the amount of ADH determines the number of... | aquaporins (water channels)
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| very low amounts of ADH will cause the urine to be.. | diluted
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| ADH ___ blood volume & pressure | increases
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