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Chapter 25
The Urinary System
Question | Answer |
---|---|
what are some of the functions of the kidney? | filters fluid from our blood, regulates water volume & osmolality, produice renin, helps with acid/base balance |
when people take blood pressure pills...why do they urinate a lot? | they're getting rid of blood volume in hopes to lower BP |
renal fascia | outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue - anchors kidney & adrenal glands |
perirenal fat capsule | fatty mass that surrounds kidneys - cushions it against blows |
fibrous capsule | prevents infections in surrounding regions of kidney |
temporary storage for urine | bladder |
paired tubes that transfers urine from kidney --> bladder | ureter |
tube that carries urine out the body | urethra |
why does the bladder have rugae folds? | so it can stretch to hold urine |
the last area before urine leaves to go to the ureter is known as the... | renal pelvis |
the renal medulla contains most of the collecting tubules where we... | collect urine & start to bring urine to center of kidney |
the renal artery/vein enters the kidney & the ureter leaves the kidney via this structure... | renal hilum |
urine is carried down from the pyramid and exits through the.... | renal papillae |
the renal column | acts as areas for blood vessels to travel through |
the calyces... | drain each renal pyramid |
this calyx comes in contact with the renal pelvis | major calyx |
this calyx comes in contact with the renal papilla | minor calyx |
what structures are in the medulla of the nephron? | collecting duct & nephron loop |
where does filtration take place? | the renal corpuscle |
the cortex of the kidney consists of.... | nephrons, renal corpuscle & renal tubules |
the glomerulus receives blood from the... | afferent arteriole |
microscopic filtering units - where the actual work is done is known as... | nephrons |
the ___ begins urine production, finalize urine by reabsorption and excrete excess ions | nephron |
the ___ is where things are filtered out and contains many tiny pores & allows movement of filtrate | bowmans capsuile |
only about 20% passes bowman's capsule..the rest goes to... | efferent arteriole |
the renal tubule consists of... | nrphron loop, PCT, DCT |
most absorption is done in the.... | PCT |
PTH promotes reabsorption of calcium ions in the.... | DCT |
what is the job of the collecting duct? | it collects & concentrate urine, adjusts urine osmolarilty |
the renal corpuscle is simply the __ and __ | glomerulus and bowman's capsule |
what happens in glomerular filtration? | glucose, amino acids & ions are filtered.. exits through vasa recta |
the presence of glucose or proteins in the urine usually indicates.... | a problem with the filtration membrane |
tubular reabsorption takes place in the.... | collecting ducts & renal tubules |
anything that's not reabsorbed becomes... | urine |
the process of reclaiming everything filtered such as amino acids, glucose, ions is known as ___ | tubular reabsorption |
tubular rebasorption returns.... | needed substances back to the blood |
mains site of tubular secretion | PCT |
tubular secretion functions in... | acid/base balance, disposing of undesirable substances & ridding body of excess K+ |
filtrate is.... | everything found in the body but proteins & RBC's |
outward pressures __ glomerular filtration | promote |
inward pressures ___ glomerular filtration | inhibit |
chief pressure pushing solutes & water out of blood across membrane | glomerular hydrostatic pressure (55mmHg) |
the glomerular hydrostatic pressure is essentially.. | blood pressure |
the inward pressure pushing into the capsule is known as ... | hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capsule (15mmHg) |
the inward pressure applied by proteins in the blood is called... | osmotic pressure in glomerular capillaries (30 mmHg) |
the NFP determines the ___ | glomerular filtration rate |
net filtration pressure = | (outward pressures-inward pressure) (55mHg) -(15+30mmHg) |
the volume of filtrate formed each minute by the combined activity of all the glomeruli in the kidneys | glomerular filtration rate |
selective movement of substances from blood to filtrate is known as... | tubular secretion |
if GFR increases...what happens to urine output and blood pressure/volume? | this increases urine output - BP/volume decreases |
GFR can be controlled by changing one variable, known as... | glomerular hydrostatic pressure |
the myogenic mechanism is... | a response to decrease GFR |
if the glomerular hydrostatic pressure rises...what happens to the net filtration pressure and GFR? | they both rise |
what happens if the glomerular hydrostatic pressure drops too low? | GFR can drop to 0! |
in the myogenic mechanism, what activates the sensory stretch receptors? | increase in blood pressure |
what is the purpose of the JGC complex? | it helps regulate rate of filtration & increases blood pressure |
the granular cells a.k.a the juxtaglomerular cells functions in... | secretes renin when pressure is low |
renin is secreted when... | BP is low |
the extraglomerular mesangial cells... | pass regulatory signals between macula densa & granular cells |
most of the reabsorption is done here. | PCT |
the PCT reabsorbs... | 65% salt & water, glucose and amino acids, urea & uric acid |
this method of reabsorption is uncontrollable, it takes place in the PCT where water follows solute. | obligatory water reabsorption |
this method of absorption is adjustable and depends on the ADH levels. | falculatative water absorption |
ADH determines the number of.... | aquaporins (water channels) |
ADH is produced in response to... | saltiness of fluid |
the interaction between the flow of filtrate through the ascending & descending limbs of the nephron loop is known as the | counter-current multiplier |
when you overhydrate...what happens to ECF osmolarity & ADH? | they both decrease |
what are cortical nephrons? | short nephron loops, account for 85% of nephrons |
in cortical nephrons, efferent arterioles supply.... | peritubular capillairies |
in juxtamedullary nephrons, efferent arterioles supply the... | vasa recta |
juxtamedullary nephrons are __ nephron groups that... | long. creates the osmotic gradient - helps concentrate urine |
who's job is it to maintain the gradient? and what is it highly permeable to? | vasa recta - salt and water |
the ___ uses the gradient to adjust urine osmolarity | collecting duct |
the descending limb pumps out __ while the ascending limb pumps out ___ | water - salt |
function of ADH. | inhibits urine production |
ADH is released by the... | posterior pituitary |
___ is when selected substances (creatine, hydrogen and potassium ions) are moved from peritubular capillaries through tubule cells into filtrate | tubular secretion |
what happens when the pH drops and gets more acidic? | renal tubules secrete more hydrogen ions in filtrate to form bicarbonate |
what happens when the pH rises and becomes more basic? | renal tubules secrete more chloride ions |
when ketone bodies are found in the urine, it is usually a sign of... | starvation |
voiding (micturition) is simply the act of... | emptying the urinary bladder |
in order for micturition to occur. what must happen? | the detrusor muscle must contract & the sphincters must open. |
the pontine storage center ___ urine and ___ sympathetic and somatic motor nerve activity... | inhibits - increases |
the pontine micturition center __ urine while ___ the sympathetic and somatic motor nerve activity | promotes - decreases |
___ increases reabsorption of calcium | PTH |
atrial natririude peptide functions in | conserving sodium by decreasing blood volume/pressure |
angiotensin II stimulates the release of what 2 hormones? | ADH & aldosterone |
aldosterone causes increased ___ and ___ | sodium & water absorption |
aldosterone pulls ___ in while spitting___ out | sodium - potassium |
aldosterone is released from the ___ | adrenal corttex |
what effect does aldosterone have on blood volume & pressure? | increases it |
what hormone causes water to be reabsorbed back into the body and prevents water loss in urine | ADH |
if you decrease water in the urine...it becomes more ___ | concentrated |
the amount of ADH determines the number of... | aquaporins (water channels) |
very low amounts of ADH will cause the urine to be.. | diluted |
ADH ___ blood volume & pressure | increases |