endocrine system
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| endocine and nervous system working together referred to as | neuroendocrine system
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| In the endocrine system, secreting cells send ___________ by way of the bloodstream to signal specific target cells throughout the body. | hormones
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| secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood. Do not have ducts, they are often called “ductless glands | endocrine glands
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| type of hormone that targets other endocrine glands and stimulate their growth | tropic hormones
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| type of hormone that target reproductive tissues | sex hormones
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| type of hormone that stimulate anabolism in target cells | anabolic hormones
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| classifications of hormones based on general functions | tropic hormones, sex hormones, anabolic hormones
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| classification of hormones based on chemical structure | steroid hormones, nonsteroid hormones
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| type of hormone synthesized from cholesterol and are lipid soluble | steroid hormones
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| examples of steroidal hormones | Progesterone, Estrogen, Cortisol, Testosterone, Aldosterone
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| type of hormone synthesized from amino acids, protein hormone | nonsteroidal hormones
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| examples of nonsteroidal hormone proteins | insulin, parathyroid, glucogen, calcitonin, ACTH, FSH, TSH
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| type of protein hormone with carbohydrate group attached to amino acid chain | glycoprotein
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| examples of glycoproteins | FSH(follicle stimulating hormone), TSH(thyroid stimulating hormone), LH(luteinizing hormones)
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| classifications on nonsteroidal hormones | proteins, glycoproteins, peptides, amino acid derivitives
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| examples of peptide hormones | oxytocin, antidiuretic
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| examples of amino acid hormones | T4, T3, epinephrine, norepinephrine
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| Any cell with one or more receptors for a particular hormone is said to be a ________ of that hormone | target
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| Different hormones may work together to enhance each other's influence on a target cell | synergism
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| _______________ occurs when a small amount of one hormone allows a second hormone to have its full effect on a target cell | permissiveness
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| when one hormone produces the opposite effect of another hormone. Used to “fine tune” the activity of target cells | antagonism
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| group of lipid molecules that serve important and widespread integrative functions in the body but do not meet the usual definition of a hormone | prostaglandins
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| ___________ infusion of ______________ results in an immediate fall in blood pressure accompanied by an increase in regional blood flow to several areas, including the coronary and renal systems. | intraareterial, prostaglandins A (PGAs)
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| _____________ have an important role in vascular, metabolic, and gastrointestinal functions. Vascular effects include regulation of red blood cell deformability and platelet aggregation, role in systemic inflammations, such as fever. | protaglandins E (PGEs)
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| important role in the reproductive system, cause uterine muscle contractions | prostaglandins F (PGFs)
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| type of hormone produced in a tissue and diffuses only a short distance to other cells within the same tissue | tissue hormone
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| located within the skull on the ventral surface of the brain,lies in the pituitary fossa of the sella turcica, has a stemlike stalk, the infundibulum, which connects it to the hypothalamus of the brain. | pituitary gland
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| formerly known as the hypophysis | pituitary gland
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| structures of the pituitary gland | adenohypophysis(anterior),neurohypophysis (posterior)
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| divisions of the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) | pars anterior, pars inferior
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| 5 types of secretory cells of the pituitary gland | somatotrophs (growth), corticotrophs (adrenocorticotropic), thyrotrophs (thyroid), lactotrophs (prolactic), gonadotrophs (FSH & LH)
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| type of growth hormone that promotes bone and muscle growth, stimulates fat metabolism, lipid catabolism as energy source, maintains homeostasis of glucose levels | somatotropin
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| produced by acidophils in the pars anterior, milk secrestion | prolactin
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| stimulating effect on other endocrine glands, secreted by the basophils of the pars anterior | tropic hormones
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| stimulates primary graafian follicles to grow, also stimulates follicle cells to secrete estrogen | follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
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| stimulates the formation and activity of the corpus luteum which secretes progesterone and estrogen, | luteinizing hormones
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| during stress the ______________ translates nerve impulses into hormone secretions by endocrine glands creating "mind-body" link | hypothalamus
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| serves as storage and release site for antidiuretic homrones and oxytocin | neurophypophysis (posterior pituitary)
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| tiny, pine cone shaped structure located on the dorsal aspect of the brain's diencephalon, receives visual stimuli, supports body's biological clock, secretes melatonin | pineal gland
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| composed of two large lateral lobes, located in the neck just below the larynx, | thyroid gland
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| type of hormone that acts as an antagonist to calcitonin to maintain Ca homeostasis, stimulated kidney to produce active Vit D | parathyroid hormone
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| located on the top of the kidneys, composed of two portions | adrenal glands
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| two structures of the adrenal gland | adrenal cortex (endocrine tissue), adrenal medulla (neurosecretory tissue)
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| 3 distince layers of secreting cells | zona glomerulosa (outer), zona fasciculata (middle), zona reticularis (inner)
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| only mineralocorticoid in the body that functions in the maint of K in the blood, increases water retention and promotes loss of Na | aldosterone
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| the two portions of the pituitary gland | the adenohypophysis/(anterior pituitary gland), neurohypophysis(posterior pituitary gland)
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| cells of the adenohypophysis are more often classified by their secretions into five types: | Somatotrophs— growth hormone (GH)
Corticotrophs—adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Thyrotrophs—thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Lactotrophs— prolactin (PRL)
Gonadotrophs—luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
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| GH affects metabolism in these ways: | Promotes protein anabolism (growth, tissue repair)
Promotes lipid mobilization and catabolism
Indirectly inhibits glucose metabolism
Indirectly increases blood glucose levels
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| The chief glucocorticoids secreted by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex is | cortisol
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| sex hormones that are released from the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex rather than the gonads. | gonadocorticoid hormones
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| The adrenal medulla secretes two important hormones, both of which are in the class of nonsteroid hormones called catecholamines | epinephrine, norepinephrine
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| hormones produced by pancreatic islets | glucagon, insulin, somatostatin
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| a gland in the mediastinum, just beneath the sternu, large in children atrophies as an adult | thymus
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| examples of GI hormones | gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin
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| Hyposecretion of adrenal cortical hormones (adrenal cortical insufficiency)- characterized by weakness, anorexia, weight loss, nausea, irritability, decreased cold tolerance, dehydration, increased skin pigmentation, and emotional disturbance | Addisons disease
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| Hypersecretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-Caused by adenoma of the anterior pituitary, increased ACTH causes hypersecretion of adrenal cortical hormones | Cushings
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| Hyposecretion of (or insensitivity to) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)-Metabolic disorder characterized by extreme PU/PD because of a decrease in the kidney's retention of water | Diabetes insipidus
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| Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone- Inherited, possibly autoimmune disease characterized by hyperthyroidism, exophthalmos (protruding eyes) | Graves disease
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| Hyposecretion of insulin- Inherited condition with sudden childhood onset characterized by PU/PD, overeating, weight loss, fatigue, and irritability, resulting from the inability of cells to secure and metabolize carbohydrates | Diabetes mellitus, type 1
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| Insensitivity of target cells to insulin- Carbohydrate-metabolism disorder with slow adulthood onset thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors and characterized by PU/PD, overeating, weight loss, fatigue, irritability | Diabetes mellitus, type 2
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