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a & p endrocine
endocrine system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| endocine and nervous system working together referred to as | neuroendocrine system |
| In the endocrine system, secreting cells send ___________ by way of the bloodstream to signal specific target cells throughout the body. | hormones |
| secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood. Do not have ducts, they are often called “ductless glands | endocrine glands |
| type of hormone that targets other endocrine glands and stimulate their growth | tropic hormones |
| type of hormone that target reproductive tissues | sex hormones |
| type of hormone that stimulate anabolism in target cells | anabolic hormones |
| classifications of hormones based on general functions | tropic hormones, sex hormones, anabolic hormones |
| classification of hormones based on chemical structure | steroid hormones, nonsteroid hormones |
| type of hormone synthesized from cholesterol and are lipid soluble | steroid hormones |
| examples of steroidal hormones | Progesterone, Estrogen, Cortisol, Testosterone, Aldosterone |
| type of hormone synthesized from amino acids, protein hormone | nonsteroidal hormones |
| examples of nonsteroidal hormone proteins | insulin, parathyroid, glucogen, calcitonin, ACTH, FSH, TSH |
| type of protein hormone with carbohydrate group attached to amino acid chain | glycoprotein |
| examples of glycoproteins | FSH(follicle stimulating hormone), TSH(thyroid stimulating hormone), LH(luteinizing hormones) |
| classifications on nonsteroidal hormones | proteins, glycoproteins, peptides, amino acid derivitives |
| examples of peptide hormones | oxytocin, antidiuretic |
| examples of amino acid hormones | T4, T3, epinephrine, norepinephrine |
| Any cell with one or more receptors for a particular hormone is said to be a ________ of that hormone | target |
| Different hormones may work together to enhance each other's influence on a target cell | synergism |
| _______________ occurs when a small amount of one hormone allows a second hormone to have its full effect on a target cell | permissiveness |
| when one hormone produces the opposite effect of another hormone. Used to “fine tune” the activity of target cells | antagonism |
| group of lipid molecules that serve important and widespread integrative functions in the body but do not meet the usual definition of a hormone | prostaglandins |
| ___________ infusion of ______________ results in an immediate fall in blood pressure accompanied by an increase in regional blood flow to several areas, including the coronary and renal systems. | intraareterial, prostaglandins A (PGAs) |
| _____________ have an important role in vascular, metabolic, and gastrointestinal functions. Vascular effects include regulation of red blood cell deformability and platelet aggregation, role in systemic inflammations, such as fever. | protaglandins E (PGEs) |
| important role in the reproductive system, cause uterine muscle contractions | prostaglandins F (PGFs) |
| type of hormone produced in a tissue and diffuses only a short distance to other cells within the same tissue | tissue hormone |
| located within the skull on the ventral surface of the brain,lies in the pituitary fossa of the sella turcica, has a stemlike stalk, the infundibulum, which connects it to the hypothalamus of the brain. | pituitary gland |
| formerly known as the hypophysis | pituitary gland |
| structures of the pituitary gland | adenohypophysis(anterior),neurohypophysis (posterior) |
| divisions of the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) | pars anterior, pars inferior |
| 5 types of secretory cells of the pituitary gland | somatotrophs (growth), corticotrophs (adrenocorticotropic), thyrotrophs (thyroid), lactotrophs (prolactic), gonadotrophs (FSH & LH) |
| type of growth hormone that promotes bone and muscle growth, stimulates fat metabolism, lipid catabolism as energy source, maintains homeostasis of glucose levels | somatotropin |
| produced by acidophils in the pars anterior, milk secrestion | prolactin |
| stimulating effect on other endocrine glands, secreted by the basophils of the pars anterior | tropic hormones |
| stimulates primary graafian follicles to grow, also stimulates follicle cells to secrete estrogen | follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
| stimulates the formation and activity of the corpus luteum which secretes progesterone and estrogen, | luteinizing hormones |
| during stress the ______________ translates nerve impulses into hormone secretions by endocrine glands creating "mind-body" link | hypothalamus |
| serves as storage and release site for antidiuretic homrones and oxytocin | neurophypophysis (posterior pituitary) |
| tiny, pine cone shaped structure located on the dorsal aspect of the brain's diencephalon, receives visual stimuli, supports body's biological clock, secretes melatonin | pineal gland |
| composed of two large lateral lobes, located in the neck just below the larynx, | thyroid gland |
| type of hormone that acts as an antagonist to calcitonin to maintain Ca homeostasis, stimulated kidney to produce active Vit D | parathyroid hormone |
| located on the top of the kidneys, composed of two portions | adrenal glands |
| two structures of the adrenal gland | adrenal cortex (endocrine tissue), adrenal medulla (neurosecretory tissue) |
| 3 distince layers of secreting cells | zona glomerulosa (outer), zona fasciculata (middle), zona reticularis (inner) |
| only mineralocorticoid in the body that functions in the maint of K in the blood, increases water retention and promotes loss of Na | aldosterone |
| the two portions of the pituitary gland | the adenohypophysis/(anterior pituitary gland), neurohypophysis(posterior pituitary gland) |
| cells of the adenohypophysis are more often classified by their secretions into five types: | Somatotrophs— growth hormone (GH) Corticotrophs—adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Thyrotrophs—thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Lactotrophs— prolactin (PRL) Gonadotrophs—luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
| GH affects metabolism in these ways: | Promotes protein anabolism (growth, tissue repair) Promotes lipid mobilization and catabolism Indirectly inhibits glucose metabolism Indirectly increases blood glucose levels |
| The chief glucocorticoids secreted by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex is | cortisol |
| sex hormones that are released from the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex rather than the gonads. | gonadocorticoid hormones |
| The adrenal medulla secretes two important hormones, both of which are in the class of nonsteroid hormones called catecholamines | epinephrine, norepinephrine |
| hormones produced by pancreatic islets | glucagon, insulin, somatostatin |
| a gland in the mediastinum, just beneath the sternu, large in children atrophies as an adult | thymus |
| examples of GI hormones | gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin |
| Hyposecretion of adrenal cortical hormones (adrenal cortical insufficiency)- characterized by weakness, anorexia, weight loss, nausea, irritability, decreased cold tolerance, dehydration, increased skin pigmentation, and emotional disturbance | Addisons disease |
| Hypersecretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-Caused by adenoma of the anterior pituitary, increased ACTH causes hypersecretion of adrenal cortical hormones | Cushings |
| Hyposecretion of (or insensitivity to) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)-Metabolic disorder characterized by extreme PU/PD because of a decrease in the kidney's retention of water | Diabetes insipidus |
| Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone- Inherited, possibly autoimmune disease characterized by hyperthyroidism, exophthalmos (protruding eyes) | Graves disease |
| Hyposecretion of insulin- Inherited condition with sudden childhood onset characterized by PU/PD, overeating, weight loss, fatigue, and irritability, resulting from the inability of cells to secure and metabolize carbohydrates | Diabetes mellitus, type 1 |
| Insensitivity of target cells to insulin- Carbohydrate-metabolism disorder with slow adulthood onset thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors and characterized by PU/PD, overeating, weight loss, fatigue, irritability | Diabetes mellitus, type 2 |
Created by:
srehrauer
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