Anat-Respiratory Sys
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| gas exchange function (r. system) | adds oxygen and removes carbon dioxide waste
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| Regulation of blood pH function (r. system) | altered by changing blood carbon dioxide levels (~70% of carbon dioxide is carried as carbonic acid dissolved in blood)
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| voice production function (r. system) | movement of air past folds makes sound and speech
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| olfaction function (r. system) | smell occurs when airborne molecules are drawn into the nasal cavity and sensed by specialized epithelial cells there
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| protection function (r. system) | protects against microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, chemicals, dust, etc) by preventing entry and removing them
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| five functions of the respiratory system | gas exchange, regulation of blood pH, voice production, olfaction, and protection
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| divisions of the respiratory system | upper tract and lower tract
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| parts of the upper tract | nose, pharynx (throat), and associated structures (other parts in the tract)
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| parts of the lower tract | larynx (voice box), trachea, bronchi, lungs
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| parts of the nose | external nose, nostril (external naris), nasal cavity, choana, nasal conchae, opening of auditory tube, paranasal sinuses
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| external nose structure | fleshy with a little hyaline cartilage in the middle; air enters via nostrils
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| nasal cavity structure | made up of three nasal conchae on each side projecting towards the midline
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| nasal conchae structure | "bone shelves" covered with pseudostratified epithelial tissue with cilia that produce mucus
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| functions of the nasal cavity | passageway for air, cleans the air, humidifies and warms air, smell
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| paranasal sinuses location/structure | found in some bones (ex. frontal, sphenoid); extra spaces connected to the nasal cavity and lined with epithelium
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| paranasal sinuses function | add to cleaning, warming, and humidification of air
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| internal nares alias/location | aka: choana; opening between the nasal cavity and the pharynx
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| passageway for air function (n. cavity) | air travels over the surface of the conchae
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| cleans the air function (n. cavity) | cleaning begins at the nostrils (nose hairs) and more takes place when air passes over the nasal conchae (mucus traps particles and sweeps them down to the stomach to be destroyed)
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| structure for humidification and warming of air (n. cavity) | nasal conchae
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| humidification and warming of air function (n. cavity) | typically colder and drier outside the body than inside; air is moistened by mucus and warmed by the blood supply from the body core that circulates in the walls of the nasal cavity
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| structure for smell (n. cavity) | olfactory epithelium in the roof of the nasal cavity
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| pharynx function | common opening for digestive and respiratory systems
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| three regions of the pharynx | nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
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| nasopharynx location/structure | most superior, from the internal naris to the lower edge of the soft palate; area where the auditory tube connects
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| nasopharynx function | (usually) carries only air
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| oropharynx location | from the inferior edge of the soft palate to roughly the edge of the hyoid bone; posterior to the mouth cavity
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| oropharynx function | transfers air OR food
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| laryngopharynx location | from the hyoid(ish) to the beginning of the esophagus; right next to the larynx
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| laryngopharynx function | transports air OR food
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| epiglottis structure/function | moveable, tongue-shaped piece of cartilage; keeps food out of the voice box when swallowing
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| larynx structure/location | cartilaginous tube on top of the trachea; gets its shape and integrity from cartilage; houses the vocal cords
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| thyroid cartilage function | contains the "Adam's apple" forms the wall of the voice box
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| larynx functions | maintain open passageway for air movement, sound production
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| movement of epiglottis | deflected across the voice box by incoming food
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| false vocal cords location/function | more superior; don't produce sound, help you to close off the top of the larynx when you swallow
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| true vocal cords function/movement | primary source of sound production; vibrate due to passing air
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| why do men have different sounding voices? | they have lower frequency voices due to longer vocal cords (different amount of tension)
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| vocal cords structure | made of elastic connective tissue, connected to muscles that move them in or out
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| sound production via the vocal cords | muscles bring the cords together to make a small slit that makes noise when air is forced through it
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| trachea location | from the larynx to down between the lungs
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| trachea structure | lined with pseudostratified (ciliated) epithelium, reinforced with c-shaped cartilage rings (on anterior and lateral sides, help to keep the passageway open), dense regular connective tissue between the rings for flexibility
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| branches of the trachea | divides to form left and right primary bronchi (sing, bronchus)
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| carina location/structure | most inferior tracheal cartilage, covered with very sensitive epithelial tissue that stimulates the cough reflex
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| carina function | stimulates the cough reflex when particles get to its level in order to forcefully remove them
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| trachealis muscle location | between the trachea and the esophagus
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| trachealis muscle function | decreases diameter (narrows) of the trachea when it contracts (to cough) in order to increase the force of the air being pushed out, making it more likely to pick up/dislodge particles in the trachea
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| two zones of the lower respiratory tract | conducting zone, respiratory zone
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| conducting zone location/function | more superior, conducts air (no gas exchange)
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| respiratory zone location/function | more inferior, gas exchange occurs here
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| parts of the larynx | epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, true vocal cords, false vocal cords
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| parts of the conducting zone | larynx, trachea, primary bronchi to terminal bronchioles
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| parts of the respiratory zone | respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
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Created by:
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