chapter 6 muscles
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| the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force | contractility
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| the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus | excitability
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| the ability to be stretched | extensibility
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| the ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched | elasticity
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| muscles help to produce ____________ essential for maintenance of normal body temperature | heat
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| each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath | epimysium
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| connective tissue located outside the epymysium | fascia
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| muscle composed of numerous visible bundles called muscle ____________ | fasciculi
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| fasciculi is surrounded by loose connective tissue called | perimysium
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| muscle cells are called muscle ___________ | fibers
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| each fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called | endomysium
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| the cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with | myofibrils
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| a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other | myofibrils
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| myofibrils consist of 2 major kinds of protein fibers called ________ | actin myofilaments & myosin myofilaments
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| thin myofilaments | actin myofilaments
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| thick myofilaments | myosin myofilaments
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| the basic structural and functional unity of the muscle | sacomere
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| the outside of most cell membranes are _________ charged | positively
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| the inside of a cell membrane is __________ charged | negatively
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| the charge difference across the membrane is called the ____________________ | resting membrane potential
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| the brief reversal back of the charge is called _______________ | action potential
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| nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers | motor neurons
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| each branch that connects to the muscle forms a _____________________ near the center of the cell | neuromusclular junction or synapse
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| single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates are called ________ | motor unit
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| the enlarged nerve terminal is the | presynaptic terminal
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| the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell is the | synaptic cleft
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| the muscle fiber is the | postsynaptic terminal
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| each presynaptic terminal contains | synaptic vesicles
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| synaptic vesicles secrete a neurotransmitter called | acetylcholine
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| the sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction is | sliding filament mechanism
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| contraction of an entire muscle is response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers | muscle twitch
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| muscle fibers will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level called | threshold
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| muscle fiber will contract maximally | all or none response
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| the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction is | lag phase
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| the time of contraction is the | contraction phase
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| the time during which the muscle relaxes is the | relaxation phase
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| where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing | tetany
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| the increase in number of motor units being activated is called | recruitment
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| ____ is needed for energy for muscle contraction | ATP
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| ATP is produced in the | mitochondria
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| ATP degenerates to the more stable | ADP
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| high energy molecule | creatine phosphate
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| without oxygen | Anaerobic respiration
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| with oxygen | aerobic respiration
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| _______ the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose | oxygen debt
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| ______ results when ATP is used during contraction | muscle fibers
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| the 2 types of muscle contractions | isometric & isotonic
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| equal distance | isometric
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| equal tension | isotonic
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| constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time | muscle tone
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| contract quickly and fatigue quickly | fast twitch fibers
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| the points of attachment of each muscle are its _____ & _______ | origin & insertion
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| at these attachment points the muscle is connected to the bone by a | tendon
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| (head) the most stationary end of the muscle | origin
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| the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement | insertion
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| the portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion is the | belly
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| muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements are called | synergists
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| muscles that work in opposition to one another are called | antagonists
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| if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement | prime mover
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| raises the eyebrows | occipitofrontalis
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| closes the eyelids | orbicularis oculi
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| puckers the lips | orbicularis oris
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| flattens the cheeks | buccinator
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| what are the kissing muscles | orbicularis oris & buccinator
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| smiling muscle | zygomaticus
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| sneering | levator labii superioris
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| frowning | depressor anguli oris
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| chewing | mastication
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| how many pairs of mastication muscles are there | 4
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| what the mastication muscles | 2 pair pterygoids, temporalis, & masseter
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| change the shape of the tongue | intrinsic tongue muscles
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| move the tongue | extrinsic tongue muscles
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| lateral neck muscle and prime mover | sternocleidomastoid
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| sheetlike muscle that covers the anterolateral neck | platysma
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| group of muscles on each side of the back | erector spinae
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| muscles that move the thorax | thoracic muscles
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| elevate the ribs during inspiration | external intercostals
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| contract during forced expiration | internal intercostals
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| dome chaped muscle | diaphragm
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| rotates scapula | trapezius
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| pulls scapula anteriorly | serratus anterior
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| adducts and flexes the arm | pectoralis major
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| medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm | latissmus dorsi
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| attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle , and is the major abductor of the upper limb | deltoid
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| extends the forearm | triceps brachii
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| flexes the forearm | biceps brachii
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| flexes and supinates the forearm | brachioradialis
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| flexes the wrist | flexor carpi
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| extends the wrist | extensor carpi
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| flexes the fingers | flexor digitorum
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| extends the fingers | extensor digitorum
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| buttocks | gluteus maximus
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| extends the leg | quadriceps femoris
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| flexes the thigh | satorius
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| posterior thigh muscles | hamstring
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| form the calf muscle | gastrocnemius and soleus
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