WVSOM -- Immuno/Micro -- Cancer and Immunology
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| What is oncogenesis? | unconroled cellular expansion
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| What promotes oncogenesis? | mutations thru increase of function or loss of function
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| What happens to function with uncontrolled cellular expansion | increase or gain of function
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| What is an oncogene? | any gene of viral or cellular origin that contributes to malignant transformation of cells when mutated or abnormally expressed
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| What is a proto-oncogene | any oncogene normally found in the mammalian genome
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| What is sis? | growthfactors that stimulate cells to grow. Leads to overproduction of prlatelet-derived growthfactor
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| What are the 3 growth factor receptors? | erb B, erb B-2, HER2/neu
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| What do mutations in growth factor receptors do? | mutations cause them to always be ON.
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| When is mutations in HER2/neu gene amplicifcation seen? | breast CA
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| where are mutations of erb adn erb B-2 seen? | epidermal growth facter and is most common
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| What do mutations in signal transducers result in? | they are turned on. common ones are ras, and Abl
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| What do mutations in transcription factors result in? | they control which genes are active. Mutations result in over activity. Seen in lung CA, leukemia, lymphoma and a number of other cancer types. Myc is most common
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| What do programmed cell death regulators result in? | BCL-2; prevent cell from committing suicide so when abnormal cells don't die
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| What is the knudsen 2-hit model? | first hit is inheriting one allele of Rb1 mutated tumor suppressor gene and the second hit is a random mutation in the other Rb allele. seen in retinoblastoma
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| What are fusion proteins? | joining of 2 ore more genese which originally coded for sepearte proteins. Results in a single polypeptide with functional properties derived form each of the original proteins; Bcr-Abl
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| What are the requried cellular traits for malignant transformation? | self-sufficiency in growth signals; insenstiviity to growth-inhibitory signals; evasion of apoptosis; defects in DNA repair; limitless repliciation potential (telomerase) sustained angogenesis; ability to ivade and metastasize
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| What is immune surveillance | concept that the immune system routinely monitors "self" for aberrant cells
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| What are danger signals in immune surveillance? | hypoxemic stress; physical pressure; virally infected
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| What antigens are involved in immune survellance? | viral proteins; fusion proteins; aberrantly expressed proteins
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| Why does the immune system fail against cancer? | lack of antigenicity of tumor; tumro-induced immunosuppression; loss of tumor MHC antigens; immune system is "evolutionary pressure"
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| What is the effectiveness of immune surveillance | spontaneous regression of soem tumors; lymphoid infiltrates of many tumors; tumors arise due to immunosuppression; new immunotehrapies cause tumor regression; paraneoplastic syndroms; cancer more common in old age
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| What cells are MHC Class I found? | nucleated cells
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| Where are class II MHC found? | macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells (aka APC)
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| What is the way for a viral infected cell to be recognized? | MHC Class I (CD8+ cytotoxic T cell mediated)
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| what does happens if tumor antigen is not unque? | paraneoplastic peripheral neuropthaty
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| What will inbit NK T-cell killing of tumor cells? | MHC Class I receptors on the target cell. It will inhibt NK T-cells
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| What is TSA? | Tumor-specific antigens; any production is productive. can be a target for the immune system (MHC)
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| What are tumor-associated antigens? | A molecule that may be associated with specific tumors– TAAs may elicit cellular and/or humoral immune responses against the tumor, but rarely defend the host against the tumor
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| What is carcinoembryonic antigen? | TAA for colon cancer
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| What is alpha-fetoprotein? | TAA for liver cancer
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| What si CALLA | TAA for leukemmia
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| What is Prostate specific antigen? | TAA for prostate cancer
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| What is tyrosinase? | TAA for melanoma
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| What is CA-125, HE4 | TAA for ovarian cancer
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| What does monoclonal antibody treatment do? | stimulates the immune system to attack tumores (anti-CTLA4, anti-cd20, anti HER2)
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| What is imunomodulated antigen delivery? | (vaccine like) provenge for prostate cancer stimulates a patietn's immune system against prostate cancer
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| What is adoptive cellular therapy | helpign the immune system fight and/or recognize cancer. isolate lymphcytes from blood or tumor infiltrate; expand lymphocytes by culture in IL-2; transfer lymphocytes into patient with or without systemic IL-2; tumor regression
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| What are the drawbacks of adoptive cellular therapy? | very high danger and does not work much. Treatment of last resort
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| How do dendritic Cell vaccines for cancer immunotherapy work? | Autologous Dendritic celsl are loaded with tumor antigens and cytokines. they are then infused into patient ti induce anti-tumor immune response
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| What are the problems with dendritic cell vaccines? | source of teh DC (plasmacytoid or vyeloid) antigen idetnifcation and preparation; route of administration; immune monitoring; side effects
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| how does monoclonal antibody therapy work? | attack tumor OR stimulates immune response (anti-CTLA4)
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| What are the limitations to antibody immunotherapy | inadequate penetration into tumor if tumor is target; inappropriate binding to normal cells; immunogenicity of the antibody;
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| What is a humanized antibody? | type of monoclonal antibody that have been synthesized using recombinant DNA technology to circumvent the clinical problem of immune response to foreign antigens. Fab from the mouse.
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