Skin, Hair,Nails,Glands(sweat,oil),Sensory receptors
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| Components of the Integumentary Sys? | Skin, Hair, Nails, Glands (oil, sweat), Sensory receptors
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| 3 parts of skin? | Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis/SubQ)
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| The skin is also known as ? | Cutaneous Membrane
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| Other than sweat, which other responses assist with thermoregulation? | a) Blood vessels near the skin can dilate, increasing blood flow and heat loss
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| Vitamin D, after activation in the skin converts to calcitriol by enzymes in the liver and kidneys. People in northern climates who may not get adequate sun, can become deficient in vit D. What mineral would be especially affected by this? | c) Calcium
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| Characteristics of Melanocytes? | BLACK cells, produce pigment (MELANIN), CLUSTER over nuclei of epidermal cells for UV light ray protection,
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| About 90% of the cells of the epidermis are of which type? | Keratinocytes
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| Two types of EPIdermis? | Thin Skin (hairy): covers all body regions except the palms, palmar surfaces of digits, and soles
Thick Skin (hairless) (covers the fingertips, palms, and soles).
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| 5 layers of the Epidermis (Thick Skin) | 1). Stratum Basale
2). Stratum Spinosum
3). Stratum Granulosum
4). Stratum Lucidum
5). Stratum Corneum
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| Name and describe Deep (Dermis) Wound Healing | Proliferative Phase (extensive growth of epithelial cells under scab)
Maturation Phase (scab sloughs off, epidermis restored to normal thickness)
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| Nail | 1. Free edge
2. Nail body (plate)
3.Lunula
3. Eponychium (cuticle)
4. Nail root
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| The eponychium is the _________ of the nail. | Cuticle
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| Actual growth of the nail occurs in the . | Nail matrix
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| Functions of skin (6) | 1. Thermoregulation
2. Blood reservoir
3. Protection
4. Cutaneous sensations
5. Excretion and absorption
6. Synthesis of vitamin D
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| First degree burn | Epidermis only
Example: Sunburn
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| Second degree burn | Epidermis and part of dermis
- blister and pain
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| Third degree burn | Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous fat destroyed
- marble white to charred mahogany appearance
- skin grafting may be necessary
GRANULATION TISSUE
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| Dermis | MIDDLE layer of Cutaneous Membrane:
Dense irregular connective tissue (contains collagen and elastin fibers). VASCULAR, nerves, glands and hair follicles
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| Is the dermis thicker in men or in women or the same? | The dermis layer is thicker in men than woman
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| Epidermal Ridges (fingerprints and footprints) | FINGERPRINTS made by SWEAT
-downward projects of epidermis to dermis
-traction and touch (tactile) sensitivity
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| Scar Tissue: FIBROSIS | Normal. Raised/elevated scar that often forms after deep wound healing
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| Gland for EMOTIONAL SWEATING (stress, sex, or strong emotion) | Apocrine Glands (the APE that shows up at a job interview!)
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| What do Melanocytes produce? | Melanin Pigment
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| What are born in the Stratum Basale? | Keratinocytes and Melanocytes
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| Basic keratinocytes and melanocytes are found where? | Stratum Basale
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| What is the purpose of Keratinocytes? | Most numerous skin cell. Contains keratin, a tough protein that protects against abrasion. Also make lamellar granules to make us waterproof.
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| Why are burns so harmful to our bodies? | DEHYDRATION & INFECTION (sepsis)
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| Name the three burn degrees and the layers affected. | 1st: Epidermis layer
2nd: Epidermis and part of the Dermis layer
3rd: Epidermis, Dermis, and Subcutaneous fat is destroyed. GRAFT NECESSARY.
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| What are the two sweat glands called? | Epocrine and Apocrine
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| Apocrine glands are located where? | Armpit, groin, nipples, breast, and beard
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| What causes body odor to occur from apocrine glands? | Milky sweat that mixes with skin bacteria creates BODY ODOR = the ape!
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| What does ear wax do? | Waterproofs the ear canal and prevents bacteria and fungi from entering cells
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| Is ear wax genetic? | YES
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| What are the ceruminous glands? | Modified sweat glands in external ear - MAKE cerumen (earwax)
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| Cerumen | EARWAX: lubricating secretion that combines with Sebaceous secretion. Waterproofs ear and protects it from bacterial infection.
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| What is a nail? | Dead, keratinized epidermal cells that are clear coverings over digits
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| What are the purposes of the nail? | Protect the ends of the fingers and toes
Support via counter-pressure
Allow us to grasp and manipulate objects
Grooming
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| How many layers are in the Epidermal Strata? | 5 layers
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| What layer of the Epidermal stratus is "callus like" | Stratum Corneum ('cornfield')
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| Why is the CORNEUM layer shed off? | It is dead and has no nucleus or any organelles
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| Where is the stratum LUCIDUM found on the body? | fingertips, palms of hands, soles of feet
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| Characteristics of the lucidum layer of the epidermis. | CLEAR layer, only in thick skin (palm and sole), tough!
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| Name the 5 layers of the Epidermal strata | "Boy Saw Girl Look Crazy"
Basale - basement
Spinosum - spiny
Granulosum - granules
Lucidum - lucid
Corneum - callus like corn means horn
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| What is the MOST COMMON Non-Melanoma skin cancer? | Basal cell carcinoma - doesn't usually metastasize
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| Two types of Non-Melanoma skin cancer. | Basal cell carcinoma (MC)
Squamous cell carcinoma (2nd mc)
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| Of the two NON -melanoma skin cancers, which will METASTASIZE | Squamous cell carcinoma
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| What causes MELANOMA skin cancer? | Excessive exposure to UV radiation mostly.
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| Which form of melanoma skin cancer is the MOST deadly? | Melanocyte cancer = MELANOMA
fatal in months - metastasizes rapidly
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| An INHERITED inability to produce melanin ? | Albinism - has melanocytes but they don't make melanin (broken melanocytes)
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| What is Partial or complete loss of melanocytes from PATCHES of skin ? | Vitiligo
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| Tactile receptor cells for touch and intraepidermal macrophages for immunity are the other cell types in the epidermis? | Keratinocytes and Melanocytes
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| Which type of epithelium makes up the EPIDERMIS? | Keratinized stratified squamous
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| Hornlike cells that make up 90% of epidermis? | KERATINOCYTES - 90!
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| Produce protein keratin (tough protein) and lamellar granules (waterproofing) | Keratinocytes
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| Tough, fibrous PROTEIN protects skin and underlying tissues from abrasions, heat, infection ? | Keratin (the protein)
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| Produce LAMELLAR GRANULES | Keratinocytes. LG's waterproof the skin.
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| Water-repellant sealant? | LAMELLAR GRANULES made by keratinocytes
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| Decreases water entry/exit? | Keratinocytes using lamellar granules that waterproof the skin
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| Abrasions and minor burns? | EPIDERMIS wound healing
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| Affects only the epidermis? | Abrasion or minor scrape (SHALLOW WOUND)
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| Basal cells break contact with the basement membrane and migrate towards one another as a sheet during? | During EPIDERMIS wound healing, basal cells stop due to CONTACT INHIBITION! Build up from there.
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| Skin color due to LACK of oxygen | Cyanotic Bluish
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| Skin color due to build up of bilirubin (liver) | Jaundiced Yellow
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| Heat, exposure, over exertion, INFECTION skin color | Erythematous Redness
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| Skin color of SHOCK or ANEMIA | Pallor Pale
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| Contact inhibition happens during? | Epidermal wound healing - basal cells that were moving towards each other finally meet and start building upward, filling in wound
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| EPIDERMAL GROWTH factor | Epidermal wound healing
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| Stimulates basal stem cells to divide and build new strata, thickening the epidermis? | Epidermal wound healing - EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR
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| What is the process when an epidermal wound begins the healing process, basal cells migrate away from the basement membrane. enlarge, and migrate to fill in the wound? | CONTACT INHIBITION - stop when contact
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| TATTOO layer of skin? | Dermis
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| Pigment gets TRAPPED where long term when getting a tattoo ? | Fibroblasts
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| Define medical term for "stretch mark" and describe: | STRIAE – internal scarring – damage to DERMIS due to stretching
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| Give example of tension lines: | Lines of CLEAVAGE for surgical procedures
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| Why are tension lines important? | Predominate direction of underlying collagen fibers and are important during surgical procedures
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| Where are melanin pigment granules produced and exported? | Produced and exported by MELANOCYTES in the stratum basale (BASEMENT)
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| Carotene is a precursor to this vitamin | A
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| Which important vitamin does NOT require melanin? | D
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| What is the medical term and definition for pressure ulcers? | DECUBITUS ulcers; Constant deficiency of blood flow to tissues
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| Flattened keratinocytes undergoing apoptosis As move further away from nutritive dermal blood vessels, begin to die as pressed towards surface | TRANSITION layer between living and dying cells - where programmed cell death (APOTOSIS) occurs = stratum GRANULOSUM! (middle age)
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| Keratinocytes produce lamellar granules (Rain - X or waterproofing) at this layer | Stratum granulosum
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| THORN-like; flattened top/superficial layers adds STRENGTH and flexibility to skin ? | Stratum Spinosum
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| The pigment-producing cells of the epidermis (MELANOCYTES) are located in which layer? | Stratum basale
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| Which layer marks the TRANSITION between metabolically active cells of lower layers and the dead layers of keratinocytes of the upper layers. | Stratum granulosum
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| What is the process of keratinization? | When cells are pushed to the surface obtaining more and more keratin and die off (apoptosis)
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| What is PSORIASIS and how long do these psoriatic keratinocytes live? | Abnormal keratin growth ; Causes flaky silvery scales at skin surface; Typically found in the knees, elbow, and scalp; shed in 7-10 days vs. Normal 4-6 weeks
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| Scar tissue: KELOID | Extends BEYOND normal boundaries into surrounding tissues
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