Chapter 9
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| three types of muscle | Smooth, Cardiac and Skeletal
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| skeletal muscle | voluntary attached to bones, skin of face
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| cardiac muscle | walls of the heart involuntary
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| smooth muscle | found in walls of internal organs such as those of digestive tract involuntary
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| skeletal muscle 2 | composed of skeletal muscle tissue nervous tissue blood and connective tissue
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| connective tissue coverings | fascia, tendons, aponeuroses
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| Aponeuroses | broad sheet in skull connecting muscle to muscle also in stomach
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| Muscle coverings | Epimysium perimysium and endomysium
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| Epimysium | surrounds whole muscle
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| perimysium | surrounds fascicles within a muscle
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| endomysium | surrounds muscle fibers cells with a fascicle
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| fiber muscle cell | mutinucleated sarcolmma sarcoplasm many myofibrils myofibrils consist of thin actin and thick myosin sarcomeres sarcoplasmic reticulum transverse t tubule triad and SR cisternae
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| sarcomeres | contain i band, a band, h zone, z line or z disc, m line
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| I band | light band composed of the thin actin filamets
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| A band | dark band composed of thick myosin filaments
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| z line | anchors filaments in place
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| h zone | center of a band compose of thick myosin filaments
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| M line | anchors thick filaments center of A band
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| Thick filaments | composed of myosin protein heads form cross bridges
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| thin filaments | composed of actin protein associated with troponin and tropomyosin which prevent cross bridge formation when muscle is not contracting
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| neuromuscular junction | a type of synapse also called a myoneural junction site where an axon of motor neuror and skeletal muscle fiber interact
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| Acetylcholine ach | is the neurotransmitter nerve impulse causes release of ach from synaptic vesicles
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| Myasthenia gravis | is an auto immune disorder antibiotics attack acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle fibers
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| Excitation contraction coupling | connection between muscle fiber stimulation and muscle contraction
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| ATP | helps muscles relax
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| Mystin head | helps build muscle up for contraction
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| Acetylcholiesterase | enzyme rapidly decomposed ach remaining in the synapse muscle impulse stop when ach is decompsed
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| calcium pump | moves ca+2 back into sacoplasmic reticulum
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| Troponin tropomyosin complex | again covers binding sites on actin
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| Energy sources for contracting | ATP reserves small amount, creatine phospate initial source of energy to regenerate ATP from ADP and P, cellular respiration
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| Cellular respiration | anaerobic phrase: glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm produces little ATP Aerobic phrase: citric acid cycle and electron transport system occurs i nthe mitochondria produces ATP myoglobin stores extra oxygen in muscles
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| anaerobic threshold | shift in metabolism from aerobic to anaerobic during strenuous muscle activity
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| oxygen debt | amount of oxygen needed by liver cells to convert the accumulated lactic acid to glucose and to restore muscle ATP
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| Muscle fatigue | unable to contract muscle
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| muscle cramp | sustained involuntary muscle contraction may be cause by changes in electrolyte concentration in extracellular fluids in the area
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| Heat production | by product of cellular respiration in active cells muscle cells are major source of body heat
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| muscular response | muscle contraction can be observed by removing a single skeletal muscle fiber and connecting it to a device that senses and records changes in the overall length of the muscle fiber
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| threshold stimulus | minimum strength of stimulation of a muscle fiber required to caused contraction
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| Twitch | contractile response of a single muscle fiber to a single impulse
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| summation | process by which the force of individual muscle fiber twitches combine
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| motor unit | a motor neuron all of the muscle fibers it controls
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| Recruitment | increase in the number of motor units activated to produce more force
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| Isotonic | muscle contracts and changes length equal force
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| Isometric | muscle contracts but does not change length change in force
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| Slow twitch fiber | always oxidative resistant to fatigue
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| fast twitch fatigue | intermediate twitch fibers
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| fast twitch glycolytic fibers | anaerobic respiration white fibers poorer blood supply
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| Hypertrophy | enlargement of skeletal muscle that is exercised
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| Atrophy | decrease in size and strength of skeletal muscle that is unused
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| Smooth muscle | shorter single centrally located nucleus elongated with tapering ends
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| Multi unit smooth muscle | cells are less organized
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| visceral smooth muscle | single unit smooth muscle cells respond as a unit
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| Different from skeletal muscle contraction in these ways | smooth muscle lacks troponin uses calmodulin instead
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| Cardiac muscle | striated muscle cells muscle fibers joined together by intercalated disks
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| Skeletal muscle actions | generate a great variety of body movements
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| 4 basic component of levers | rigid bar or rod bones, fulcrum or pivot on which bar moves, object moved against resistance and force that supplies energy for movement
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| Origin | less movable end
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| insertion | more moveable end when muscle contracts insertion is pulled toward origin
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| Agonist | muscle that causes an action
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| prime mover | agonist primarily responsible for movement in some cases the terms agonist and prime mover are used interchargebly
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| synergists | muscle that assist agonist/prime mover
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| antagonist | muscles whose contraction causes movement in the opposite direction of the prime mover
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