The Respiratory System - (1st half: zones, resp organs/structures, pressures)
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| the 4 processes of respiration include: | breathing, transport of respiratory gases & external and internal respiration
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| the respiratory system is responsible for which 2 respiratory processes. | pulmonary ventilation and external respiration
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| in external respiration oxygen moves from the __ to the __ while co2 moves from the __ to the ___ | lungs --> blood. blood --> lungs
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| in internal respiration, oxygen moves from the blood to the tissues, while co2 moves from the __ to the __ | tissue --> blood
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| the upper respiratory system consists of what organs? | nose, sinuses & pharynx
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| the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli and pleurae makes up the ___ system | lower respiratory
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| what is cellular respiration? | the actual use of oxygen & production of carbon dioxide tissue cells
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| we inhale ___ while we exhale ___ | oxygen - carbon dioxide
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| the separation btw he upper & respiratory system is around the: | larynx
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| the conducting zone is the ___ | passage way for air
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| the conducting zone consists of the : | larynx, trachea & bronchi
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| conducting zone job: | cleanses, warms & humidifies air
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| because of ___ air has fewer irritants when it reaches the lungs | the conducting zone
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| as we move down the lobes, there is more ___ and less ___ | smooth muscle - catilage
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| gas exchange occurs in this zone. | respiratory
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| the respiratory zone is composed of: | bronchioles. alveolar ducts. alveoli
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| as you go down the conducting zone...the conducting tubes becomes smaller. what else happens? | support structure changes. epithelium type changes. amount of smooth muscle increases
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| serous membrane that surrounds the lung | pleurae
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| pneumothorax | equalization of pressure
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| the passageway of the nose and mouth meet here. | pharynx
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| this structure filters, moistens & warms incoming air, it is also the resonance chamber for speech. | nose
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| the pharynx connects the nasal cavity to the larynx. it is also the passageway for __ and __ | air - food
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| the tonsils are housed in this respiratory structure. | pharynx
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| known as the voicebox | larynx
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| the larynx connects the __ to the ___ | pharynx - trachea
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| the larynx is a passageway for___ | air
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| the trachea is known as the___ | windpipe
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| the flexible tube running down the larynx dividing the 2 bronchi is known as the... | trachea
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| the trachea is an air passageway that : | cleans, warms & moistens incoming air
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| bronchial tree | air passageways connecting trachea with alveoli
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| the alveoli is __ | main site of gas exchange
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| why is the adams apple bigger in males than females? | male sex hormones stimulate its growth during puberty
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| the larynx is part of the __ respiratory tract | upper
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| what cartilage of the larynx is more prominent in males? | thyroid
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| during swallowing, larynx is elevated and glottis is closed by the ___ | epiglottis
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| what characteristic allows the trachea to be open & flexible? | c-shaped cartilage rings
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| a chemical secreed by alveolar cells that helps reduce surface tension on alveoli is ___ | surfactant
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| an increase in volume of the thoracic cavity results in a ___ | decrease in pressure
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| contraction of smooth muscles in the bronchi leads to ___ | vasoconstriction - increased resistance & decreased flow
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| an increase in temperature will __ unloading oxygen from hemoglobin | increase
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| the most important muscle during ventilation is the diaphragm, which contracts during ___ | inspiration
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| what are the smallest structures of the conducting zone? | terminal bronchioles
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| what type of epithelium makes up the respiratory mucosa lining most of the upper respiratory respiratory tract? | pseudostratified columnar
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| what kind of tissue allows gas exchange to occur in the respiratory membrane? | simple squamous
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| the respiratory membrane is formed by ___ | alveolar walls, capillaries & a basement membrane
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| in the respiratory membrane, oxygen goes from __ to the __ | alveolus --> blood
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| in the respiratory membrane. ___ leaves the blood and goes to the alveolus | carbon dioxide
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| thick blood barrier that has blood flowing on one side & gas on the other side. what is this known as? | respiratory membrane
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| the pulmonary veins has __ pressure and __ volume | low - high
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| bronchial arteries has __ pressure and __ volume | high - low
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| ___ ___ send oxygenated fresh blood to lungs from the respiratory zone | pulmonary veins
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| bronchial arteries provides oxygenated blood to the lungs | bronchial arteries
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| pressure exerted by the air(gases) surrounding the body | atmospheric pressure
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| what is intrapulmonary pressure? | pressure in the alveoli
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| ___ pressure rises and falls with the phases of breathing | intrapulmonary
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| what pressure rises and falls with the phases of breathing but eventually equalizes with the atmospheric pressure? | intrapulmonary
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| anytime pulmonary pressure is less than atm pressure. what happens? | air rushes into the lungs along the pressure gradient
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| intrapleural pressure is pressure.... | in the intrapleural cavity
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| which type of pressure fluctuates with breathing? | intrapleural
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| intrapleural pressure is usually... | 4 mmHg less than regular pressure (756mmg)
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| the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is known as: | diffusion
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| the inspiratory muscles consist of the __ and __ | diaphragm - external intercostals
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| boyle's law states____ | when temperature is constant, pressure and volume are inversely proportional
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| volume changes leads to ___ changes which leads to ___ | pressure - flow of gases to equalize pressure
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| what is lung compliance? | the stretchiness of lungs
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| healthy lungs are very __ | stretchy
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| lung compliance = | change in lung volume / change in pulmonary - intrapleural pressure
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| 2 factors determined by lung compliance.. | stretchiness of the lung tissue. alveolar surface tension
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| the higher the lung compliance, the easier it is to... | inflate the lungs w/ each breath
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| decreased lung compliance leads to ___ | more work by muscles for breathing
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| carbon dioxide is taken into the __ and oxygen is taken into the __ at the respiratory zone | lungs - blood
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| infant respiratory distress syndrome occurs because premature infants lack the ability to produce _______, which _______. | surfactant - surface tension
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| in pneumothorax, the lung collapses because ____ | intrapleural pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure
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| what is the purpose of the transpulmonary pressure? | it keeps the lungs inflated
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| what is vital capacity? | total volume of exchangeable air
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| we find vital capacity by adding... | IRV + ERV + tidal volume
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| what pressure must remain negative to prevent lung collapse? | intrapleural
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| when the pulmonary pressure is greater than the atmospheric pressure, the pressure gradient... | forces gas to flow out of lungs
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| when the atmospheric pressure exceeds the pressure in the alveoli of the lungs (pulmonary pressure), what will happen? | air will flow out of the lungs
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| what muscles are activated during forced expiration? | the internal intercostal muscles and abdominal wall muscles
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