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Chapter 22
The Respiratory System - (1st half: zones, resp organs/structures, pressures)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the 4 processes of respiration include: | breathing, transport of respiratory gases & external and internal respiration |
| the respiratory system is responsible for which 2 respiratory processes. | pulmonary ventilation and external respiration |
| in external respiration oxygen moves from the __ to the __ while co2 moves from the __ to the ___ | lungs --> blood. blood --> lungs |
| in internal respiration, oxygen moves from the blood to the tissues, while co2 moves from the __ to the __ | tissue --> blood |
| the upper respiratory system consists of what organs? | nose, sinuses & pharynx |
| the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli and pleurae makes up the ___ system | lower respiratory |
| what is cellular respiration? | the actual use of oxygen & production of carbon dioxide tissue cells |
| we inhale ___ while we exhale ___ | oxygen - carbon dioxide |
| the separation btw he upper & respiratory system is around the: | larynx |
| the conducting zone is the ___ | passage way for air |
| the conducting zone consists of the : | larynx, trachea & bronchi |
| conducting zone job: | cleanses, warms & humidifies air |
| because of ___ air has fewer irritants when it reaches the lungs | the conducting zone |
| as we move down the lobes, there is more ___ and less ___ | smooth muscle - catilage |
| gas exchange occurs in this zone. | respiratory |
| the respiratory zone is composed of: | bronchioles. alveolar ducts. alveoli |
| as you go down the conducting zone...the conducting tubes becomes smaller. what else happens? | support structure changes. epithelium type changes. amount of smooth muscle increases |
| serous membrane that surrounds the lung | pleurae |
| pneumothorax | equalization of pressure |
| the passageway of the nose and mouth meet here. | pharynx |
| this structure filters, moistens & warms incoming air, it is also the resonance chamber for speech. | nose |
| the pharynx connects the nasal cavity to the larynx. it is also the passageway for __ and __ | air - food |
| the tonsils are housed in this respiratory structure. | pharynx |
| known as the voicebox | larynx |
| the larynx connects the __ to the ___ | pharynx - trachea |
| the larynx is a passageway for___ | air |
| the trachea is known as the___ | windpipe |
| the flexible tube running down the larynx dividing the 2 bronchi is known as the... | trachea |
| the trachea is an air passageway that : | cleans, warms & moistens incoming air |
| bronchial tree | air passageways connecting trachea with alveoli |
| the alveoli is __ | main site of gas exchange |
| why is the adams apple bigger in males than females? | male sex hormones stimulate its growth during puberty |
| the larynx is part of the __ respiratory tract | upper |
| what cartilage of the larynx is more prominent in males? | thyroid |
| during swallowing, larynx is elevated and glottis is closed by the ___ | epiglottis |
| what characteristic allows the trachea to be open & flexible? | c-shaped cartilage rings |
| a chemical secreed by alveolar cells that helps reduce surface tension on alveoli is ___ | surfactant |
| an increase in volume of the thoracic cavity results in a ___ | decrease in pressure |
| contraction of smooth muscles in the bronchi leads to ___ | vasoconstriction - increased resistance & decreased flow |
| an increase in temperature will __ unloading oxygen from hemoglobin | increase |
| the most important muscle during ventilation is the diaphragm, which contracts during ___ | inspiration |
| what are the smallest structures of the conducting zone? | terminal bronchioles |
| what type of epithelium makes up the respiratory mucosa lining most of the upper respiratory respiratory tract? | pseudostratified columnar |
| what kind of tissue allows gas exchange to occur in the respiratory membrane? | simple squamous |
| the respiratory membrane is formed by ___ | alveolar walls, capillaries & a basement membrane |
| in the respiratory membrane, oxygen goes from __ to the __ | alveolus --> blood |
| in the respiratory membrane. ___ leaves the blood and goes to the alveolus | carbon dioxide |
| thick blood barrier that has blood flowing on one side & gas on the other side. what is this known as? | respiratory membrane |
| the pulmonary veins has __ pressure and __ volume | low - high |
| bronchial arteries has __ pressure and __ volume | high - low |
| ___ ___ send oxygenated fresh blood to lungs from the respiratory zone | pulmonary veins |
| bronchial arteries provides oxygenated blood to the lungs | bronchial arteries |
| pressure exerted by the air(gases) surrounding the body | atmospheric pressure |
| what is intrapulmonary pressure? | pressure in the alveoli |
| ___ pressure rises and falls with the phases of breathing | intrapulmonary |
| what pressure rises and falls with the phases of breathing but eventually equalizes with the atmospheric pressure? | intrapulmonary |
| anytime pulmonary pressure is less than atm pressure. what happens? | air rushes into the lungs along the pressure gradient |
| intrapleural pressure is pressure.... | in the intrapleural cavity |
| which type of pressure fluctuates with breathing? | intrapleural |
| intrapleural pressure is usually... | 4 mmHg less than regular pressure (756mmg) |
| the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is known as: | diffusion |
| the inspiratory muscles consist of the __ and __ | diaphragm - external intercostals |
| boyle's law states____ | when temperature is constant, pressure and volume are inversely proportional |
| volume changes leads to ___ changes which leads to ___ | pressure - flow of gases to equalize pressure |
| what is lung compliance? | the stretchiness of lungs |
| healthy lungs are very __ | stretchy |
| lung compliance = | change in lung volume / change in pulmonary - intrapleural pressure |
| 2 factors determined by lung compliance.. | stretchiness of the lung tissue. alveolar surface tension |
| the higher the lung compliance, the easier it is to... | inflate the lungs w/ each breath |
| decreased lung compliance leads to ___ | more work by muscles for breathing |
| carbon dioxide is taken into the __ and oxygen is taken into the __ at the respiratory zone | lungs - blood |
| infant respiratory distress syndrome occurs because premature infants lack the ability to produce _______, which _______. | surfactant - surface tension |
| in pneumothorax, the lung collapses because ____ | intrapleural pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure |
| what is the purpose of the transpulmonary pressure? | it keeps the lungs inflated |
| what is vital capacity? | total volume of exchangeable air |
| we find vital capacity by adding... | IRV + ERV + tidal volume |
| what pressure must remain negative to prevent lung collapse? | intrapleural |
| when the pulmonary pressure is greater than the atmospheric pressure, the pressure gradient... | forces gas to flow out of lungs |
| when the atmospheric pressure exceeds the pressure in the alveoli of the lungs (pulmonary pressure), what will happen? | air will flow out of the lungs |
| what muscles are activated during forced expiration? | the internal intercostal muscles and abdominal wall muscles |
Created by:
Mariahj25
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