Skeletal System
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| Skeletal System | Includes bones, cartililages, joints, and other connective tissues.
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| Properties of Skeletal System | Support, storage, blood cell production, protection, movement.
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| Osseous Tissue | (bone) a supporting tissue that has specialized cells and a matrix consisting of extracellular protein fibers and a ground substance.
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| Bone Texture | From decomposition of calcium salts within matrix.
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| Calcium Phosphate | 2/3 of bone weight
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| Collogen FIbers | 1/3 of bone weight.
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| Diaphysis | Long central shaft of long bones.
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| Ephyses | The head of a long bone covered in articular cartiledges, this is where growth occurs.
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| Compact Bone | Solid, usually where stresses come from a limited range of directions. Osteons are only in this type of bone!
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| Spongy Bone | (cancellous) a network of bony rods or struts (trabecular) separated by spaces. Reduce weight of skeleton, makes it easier for muscles to move bones.
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| Trabeculae | Bony rods in spongy bones.
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| Endosteum | Covers spongy bone marrow cavity inside the bone, active during cellular growth and repair,
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| Osteocytes | Present in both spongy and compact bones. Found in lacunae between lamellae.
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| Lacunae | small pockets osteocytes are in bone spongy or compact
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| Lamellae | In narrow sheets in lacunae in osteocytes
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| Canaliculi | Branch off lacunae of spongy bone, where nutrients and waste diffuse between marrow and osteocytes. Small channels radiate through matrix, interconnecting lacunae and linking them to nearby blood vessels. They have cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes,
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| Osteon | The basic functional unit of a COMPACT BONE. Inside osteocytes and are arranged in concentric layers around a perforating canal that contains 1 or more blood vessels. Lamellae are arranged parallel to the long axis of central canal.
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| Perforating Canals | (Haversian Canal) prove passage ways for linking the blood vessels of the central canals with those of the periosteum and the marrow cavity.
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| Joint Capsoles | Articular cartilages protect opposing surfaces on the inside.
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| Three Primary Bone Cells | Osteocytes, Osteoclasts, and Osteoblasts
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| Osteoclasts | Dissolve the bony matrix. Giant cells with 50 or more nuclei. Release stored minerals through osteolysis, helps regulate phosphate and calcium in body fluids.
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| Osteoblasts | Cells responsible for production of new bone = Ossification! Makes a new bone matrix and promotes deposition of calcium salts in organic matrix. Creating an osteocyte.
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| Ossification | The replacement of cartilage with bone, during development. Deposits of calcium happen during this. Active Process.
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| Intramembraneous Ossification | Bone develops within sheets of membranes of connective tissues, in deep dermis. Process begins in ossification center. How flat bones are made.
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| Endochondral Ossification | How most skeletal bones are made. First cartilage is formed in embryo, bones start to solidify at 6 weeks old, peaks during puberty, and ends around 25 years old.
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| Ephysal Closure | End of bone growth.
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| Appositional Growth | When a bone grows longer it also grows wider, when cells of periosteum develop into osteoblasts and produce bony matrix. Marrow cavity grows as osteoblasts erode inner surface.
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| Essential bone growth nurtrients | Calcium, Vitamin D3, Vitamin A, Vitamin C
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| Axial Skeleton | 80 bones. 20 in skull, 7 associate bones, 6 auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, 24 thoracic cage (rib cage) with sternum, and 26 bones in vertebral column
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| Appendicular Skeleton | 126 bones. 32 upper limb, 31 lower limb, pelvic and pectoral girdles.
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| Bone Shapes | Long, short, flat, and irregular.
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| Axial Skeleton Functions | Protects brain, spinal chord, and organs in the subdivisions of ventral body cavity, Provides surface are for attachment of muscles that adjust head, neck, and trunk. Helps perform respiratory movements, and stabilizes the appendicular skeleton.
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| Skull | Bones: 8 cranium (encloses cranial cavity), 14 face, 7 additional, 6 auditory ossicles (little tinies for sound), enclosed in temporal and hyoid bones.
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| Cranium (point to bones on yourself and name them) | Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, Sphenoid, Ethmoid,
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| Bones of the Face | Maxillae, Palatine, Vomer, Zygomatic, Nasal, Lacrimal, Inferior Nasal Conche, Mandible, and Hyoid
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| Fontanelles | Fibrous connective tissue that connects cranial bones at birth.
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| Vertebral Column | Spine bones: 26; 24 vertebrae, 1 sacrum, 1 coccyx,
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| Name Spinal Curves and how many vertebrae | 7 Cervical, 12 Thoracic, 5 Lumbar (longest vertebra), embryonic vertebrae sacrum and fused vertebrae coccyx.
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| When are all spinal curves developed by? | 10
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| How many pairs of ribs are there? | 12 pairs, 7 true ribs, 8-10 are fused together, and last two pairs are floating.
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| Why is sternal angle susceptible to damage during CPR? |
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| Common treatment for fractured ribs? |
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| What bone developed irregularly to produce a cliff palate? |
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| What bones provide support to the heart? |
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| Compound Fracture |
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| Pectoral Girdle | Shoulder girdle, 2 flat scapula, 2 clavicles.
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| Upper Limb Bones (point where they are) | Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Olecranon
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| Bones of Wrist and Hand | 27 bones: 8 Carpal, 5 metacarpal, 14 phalanges. 4 fingers have 3 phalanges, thumb (polex) has 2
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| Pelvic Girdle | 2 hips (coxals) of fused ilium, ischium, and pubis. Pelvis, 2 hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx.
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| Lower Limb Identify | Femur, Tibia, Patella, Tarsus, Fibula
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| Joints | Articulations where two bones meet. 3 types; fibers, cartilages, and synovial.
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| Fibers and Cartileges Joints | The type of connective tissue binding them together, no or slight movement. Amphiarthrosis and Synarthrosis.
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| Synovial | Surrounded by fibers tissue, and the ends of bones are covered by cartilage that prevents bones to bone contact. Free movement. Synchondrosis, Syndesmosis, Symphysis. At ends of long bones.
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| Synarthrosis | Immovable joint, suture bound by tissue.
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| Amphiarthrosis | Slightly moveable joint,
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| Diarthrosis | (synovial joint) freely movable.
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| Synchrondrosis | A rigid, cartilages connection, Synovial joint.
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| Syndesmosis | A fiberous joint connected by ligament; synovial joint
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| Symphysis | Cartilages joint, separated by disc or pad of fibrocartilage (vertebrae in spine).
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| Menisci | Additional Shock absorption in knee.
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| Bursae | Small pockets of connective tissue containing synovial fluid. Form to reduce friction and act as shock absorbers where tendons or ligaments rub against other tissues.
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| Gliding Joint | Two opposing surfaces slide past each other, slight movement
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| Hinge |
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| Condyler |
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| Saddle |
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| Pivot |
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| Ball and Socket Joints |
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| Flexion | In anterior-posterior place, decreases angle between articulating bones
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| Extension | Increases angle of articulating bones.
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| Abduction | Movement away from longitudinal axis, always in appendicular skeleton.
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| Adduction | Movement towards anatomical position
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| Rotation | Turning around a longitudinal axis of body or limb
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| Pronation | Palm Forward to palm facing back
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| Supination | Palm facing backwards to facing forwards.
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| Inversion | Twisting of foot inward
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| Eversion | Twisting of foot outward
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| Dorsal Flexion | Flexed foot
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| Planter Flexion | Pointed foot
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| Oposition | Thumb toward palm
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| Reposition | Thumb away from palm
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| Elevation | Move superiorly and inferiorly. movements of jaw.
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| Protraction | Movement anteriorly or inwards
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| Retraction | Movement posteriorly.
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| Lateral Flexion | When vertebral column bends to side,
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| Condyle | Smooth Articular head of bone.
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