Cell Structure
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| Elements | Cannot be changed or broken down.
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| Atom | The smallest stable unit of matter.
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| Protons | Positive charge, in the nucleus.
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| Neutrons | Neutral charge, in the nucleus.
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| Electrons | Negative charge, light, in electron shell.
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| Atomic Number | Number of protons in atom.
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| Isotopes | Atoms of a specific element that differ in neutrons. Presence or absence of neutrons has no effect on atoms properties. Some are stable some are radioactive.
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| Mass Number | How to differentiate isotopes; the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
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| Atomic Weight | Average mass of an atom, takes into account the mas of subatomic particles.
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| Electron Shells | First shell = 2, second shell = 8, third shell =
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| Chemical Bonds | Produces molecules and compounds.
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| Molecule | Contain more than one atom bonded together by shared electrons.
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| Compound | Made up of 2 or more elements, regardless of type of bond joining them.
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| Ions | Atoms or molecules with an electrical charge
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| Cations | Ions with a positive charge
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| Anions | Ions with a negative charge
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| Ionic bond | Chemical bonds created by electrical attraction between anions and cations. Through loss and gaining of electrons, atoms create opposite charges and are attracted to each other (____ bonding).
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| Covalent Bond | A bond created through the sharing of valance electrons.
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| Non-Polar Covalent Bond | When electrons are shared evenly and the atoms remain electrically neutral.
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| Polar-Covalent Bond | Unequal sharing of atoms of different elements creating slightly opposing charges.
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| Hydrogen Bond | The attraction of a slight positive charge bond, and a weak negative charge (weak bond).
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| Surface Tension | Attraction between water molecules at a free surface slows the rate of evaporation.
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| Chemical Reaction | New chemical bonds form between atoms or existing bonds between atoms are broken. These changes occur when reactants are rearranged to form different products.
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| Reactants | Atoms in the reacting substance
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| Products | The rearrangement of atoms into new molecules.
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| Enzymes | Special molecules that help speed up reactions. Promote chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy requirements.
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| Catalyst | Accelerate chemical reactions without themselves being permanently changed.
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| Exergonic Reactions | Reactions that release energy.
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| Endergonic | Reactions that absorb energy.
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| Inorganic Compounds | Small molecules that do not contain carbon or hydrogen atoms. Not living.
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| Organic Compounds | Living. Primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen.
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| H20 In the Human Body | Essential reactant in chemical reactions of living systems, has very high heat capacity, an excellent solvent.
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| Ph | The concentration of hydrogen ions, 0-14 scale. 7 contains an equal number of hydrogen and hydroxide ions.
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| Acid | Any substance that breaks apart in a solution to release hydrogen ions (hydrogen ions = protons).
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| Base | A substance that removes hydrogen ions from a solution.
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| Carbohydrates | An organic molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio 1:2:1, 1% of total body weight.
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| Monosaccharide | A carbohydrate & simple sugar. Containing from 3-7 carbon atoms. Ex: glucose, most important metabolic fuel.
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| Disacharide | Two monosaccharides, soluble in water, must be broken down before absorption through hydrolyses.
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| Polysaccharides | Large carbohydrate molecules, made through dehydration synthesis. Ex: glycogen, made up of glucose molecules.
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| Lipids | Fat, contain carbon, hydrogen, and a little oxygen. Oils and waxes, insoluble in water, Important in energy reserves. 2x the energy of carbs. When ____ outweigh use, stored as fat.
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| Fatty Acids | Long chains of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms at the end (carboxyl groups), which dissolves in water.
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| Saturated Fatty Acids | Has a single covalent bond, solid at room temperature.
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| Unsaturated Fatty Acids | Double covalent bond, causes a bend in the molecule, liquid at room temperature.
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| Tryglyceride | A glycerol molecule is attached to three fatty acids. Most common fats in the body.
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| Steroids | Large lipid molecules composed of four connected rings of carbon atoms. Ex: chloresterol.
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| Phospholipids | 1 glycerol and 2 fatty acids linked to a non lipid group by a phosphate group. The non-lipid part is in the water, the fatty acid portion is unsaluable. Most abundant in cell membranes.
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| Proteins | Most abundant organic compounds of the human body. 20% of total weight. Contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Provides support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolic regulation (enzymes), defense, and antibodies. 100 or more amino acids.
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| Amino Acids | Building blocks of proteins, 20 different _______ in body. Has a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable R group (releases hydrogen ions).
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| Denaturation | Irreversible alteration in three-dimensional structure of a protein.
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| Substrates | Reactions in an enzyme reaction, interact with enzyme to make a product.
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| Activation Site | Where substrates must ind at specific region of enzyme.
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| Nucleic Acid | Large organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Store information and process it, inside cells.
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| DNA | Determines characteristics, affects all aspects of body structure and function. Encodes information needed to build proteins. Controls shape and appearance of our bodies. Regulates protein synthesis, cellular metabolism, creation/destruction of lipids.
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| Double Helix | Double strings of nucleatides held by hydrogen bonds.
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| RNA | Manufacture specific protein using information provided by DNA, Single chain of nucleotides.
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| Nucleotides | Subnits of nucleic acids. Contain a phosphate group ( five carbon sugar), and a nitrogenous base.
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| Nitrogenous Bases | Adenine (A), guanine, (G), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Uracil (U). U only in RNA, T only DNA.
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| ATP | Has the nucleotide adensine monophosphate and 2 phosphate groups. Energy subnit.
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