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Cell Structure
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Elements | Cannot be changed or broken down. |
| Atom | The smallest stable unit of matter. |
| Protons | Positive charge, in the nucleus. |
| Neutrons | Neutral charge, in the nucleus. |
| Electrons | Negative charge, light, in electron shell. |
| Atomic Number | Number of protons in atom. |
| Isotopes | Atoms of a specific element that differ in neutrons. Presence or absence of neutrons has no effect on atoms properties. Some are stable some are radioactive. |
| Mass Number | How to differentiate isotopes; the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. |
| Atomic Weight | Average mass of an atom, takes into account the mas of subatomic particles. |
| Electron Shells | First shell = 2, second shell = 8, third shell = |
| Chemical Bonds | Produces molecules and compounds. |
| Molecule | Contain more than one atom bonded together by shared electrons. |
| Compound | Made up of 2 or more elements, regardless of type of bond joining them. |
| Ions | Atoms or molecules with an electrical charge |
| Cations | Ions with a positive charge |
| Anions | Ions with a negative charge |
| Ionic bond | Chemical bonds created by electrical attraction between anions and cations. Through loss and gaining of electrons, atoms create opposite charges and are attracted to each other (____ bonding). |
| Covalent Bond | A bond created through the sharing of valance electrons. |
| Non-Polar Covalent Bond | When electrons are shared evenly and the atoms remain electrically neutral. |
| Polar-Covalent Bond | Unequal sharing of atoms of different elements creating slightly opposing charges. |
| Hydrogen Bond | The attraction of a slight positive charge bond, and a weak negative charge (weak bond). |
| Surface Tension | Attraction between water molecules at a free surface slows the rate of evaporation. |
| Chemical Reaction | New chemical bonds form between atoms or existing bonds between atoms are broken. These changes occur when reactants are rearranged to form different products. |
| Reactants | Atoms in the reacting substance |
| Products | The rearrangement of atoms into new molecules. |
| Enzymes | Special molecules that help speed up reactions. Promote chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy requirements. |
| Catalyst | Accelerate chemical reactions without themselves being permanently changed. |
| Exergonic Reactions | Reactions that release energy. |
| Endergonic | Reactions that absorb energy. |
| Inorganic Compounds | Small molecules that do not contain carbon or hydrogen atoms. Not living. |
| Organic Compounds | Living. Primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen. |
| H20 In the Human Body | Essential reactant in chemical reactions of living systems, has very high heat capacity, an excellent solvent. |
| Ph | The concentration of hydrogen ions, 0-14 scale. 7 contains an equal number of hydrogen and hydroxide ions. |
| Acid | Any substance that breaks apart in a solution to release hydrogen ions (hydrogen ions = protons). |
| Base | A substance that removes hydrogen ions from a solution. |
| Carbohydrates | An organic molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio 1:2:1, 1% of total body weight. |
| Monosaccharide | A carbohydrate & simple sugar. Containing from 3-7 carbon atoms. Ex: glucose, most important metabolic fuel. |
| Disacharide | Two monosaccharides, soluble in water, must be broken down before absorption through hydrolyses. |
| Polysaccharides | Large carbohydrate molecules, made through dehydration synthesis. Ex: glycogen, made up of glucose molecules. |
| Lipids | Fat, contain carbon, hydrogen, and a little oxygen. Oils and waxes, insoluble in water, Important in energy reserves. 2x the energy of carbs. When ____ outweigh use, stored as fat. |
| Fatty Acids | Long chains of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms at the end (carboxyl groups), which dissolves in water. |
| Saturated Fatty Acids | Has a single covalent bond, solid at room temperature. |
| Unsaturated Fatty Acids | Double covalent bond, causes a bend in the molecule, liquid at room temperature. |
| Tryglyceride | A glycerol molecule is attached to three fatty acids. Most common fats in the body. |
| Steroids | Large lipid molecules composed of four connected rings of carbon atoms. Ex: chloresterol. |
| Phospholipids | 1 glycerol and 2 fatty acids linked to a non lipid group by a phosphate group. The non-lipid part is in the water, the fatty acid portion is unsaluable. Most abundant in cell membranes. |
| Proteins | Most abundant organic compounds of the human body. 20% of total weight. Contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Provides support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolic regulation (enzymes), defense, and antibodies. 100 or more amino acids. |
| Amino Acids | Building blocks of proteins, 20 different _______ in body. Has a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable R group (releases hydrogen ions). |
| Denaturation | Irreversible alteration in three-dimensional structure of a protein. |
| Substrates | Reactions in an enzyme reaction, interact with enzyme to make a product. |
| Activation Site | Where substrates must ind at specific region of enzyme. |
| Nucleic Acid | Large organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Store information and process it, inside cells. |
| DNA | Determines characteristics, affects all aspects of body structure and function. Encodes information needed to build proteins. Controls shape and appearance of our bodies. Regulates protein synthesis, cellular metabolism, creation/destruction of lipids. |
| Double Helix | Double strings of nucleatides held by hydrogen bonds. |
| RNA | Manufacture specific protein using information provided by DNA, Single chain of nucleotides. |
| Nucleotides | Subnits of nucleic acids. Contain a phosphate group ( five carbon sugar), and a nitrogenous base. |
| Nitrogenous Bases | Adenine (A), guanine, (G), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Uracil (U). U only in RNA, T only DNA. |
| ATP | Has the nucleotide adensine monophosphate and 2 phosphate groups. Energy subnit. |
Created by:
iessnorris
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