Human Anatomy & Physiology 2 Ch. 18 & 19, Endocrine System & Blood
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| Name the endocrine glands and organs that produce hormones. | Thyroid, parathyroid, pineal, pituitary, and adrenal glands; hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes, placenta, liver, kidneys, stomach, small intestine, skin, heart, and adipose tissue.
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| Name the two body systems that regulate the homeostasis of the body. | Nervous and Endocrine Systems
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| Compare the responses of the nervous and endocrine systems. | The nervous system releases neurotransmitters, which act locally and quickly on neurons, muscle cells, and glandular cells; the endocrine system releases hormones, which act more slowly on virtually all body parts, distant or not.
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| What is a target cell? | A cell that bears receptors for a hormone
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| Name the lipid-soluble hormones. | Steroids, thyroid hormones, and nitric oxide
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| Name the water-soluble hormones. | Amines; peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins; and eicosanoids
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| How do lipid-soluble hormones alter the activity of the target cells? | They alter gene expression
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| How do water-soluble hormones alter the activity of the target cells? | They activate plasma membrane receptors, which elicit production of a second messenger that activates various enzymes inside the cell
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| Name the three sources that regulate hormone secretion. | Signals from the nervous system, chemical changes in blood, and other hormones
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| Name the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary. | hGh (human growth hormone/somatotropin), TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone/thyrotropin), FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone), LH (Luteinizing hormone), PRL (Prolactin), ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone/corticotropic), MSH (Melanocyte stimulating hormone)
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| What do tropic hormones do? | Tropic hormones stimulate secretion of a hormone in a gland.
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| What are some examples of tropic hormones? | Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
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| What is the function of hGH? | Stimulates body growth through insulin-like growth factors (IGFs).
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| What is the function of TSH? | Regulates thyroid gland activities.
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| What is hypoglycemia? | Low blood glucose level
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| What is hyperglycemia? | High blood glucose level
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| What regulates TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)? | Stimulated by TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) and suppressed by GHIH (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone).
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| What are the target organs of TSH? | Thyroid gland
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| What is the function of FSH? | Regulate activities of the gonads - ovaries and testes
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| What regulates FSH? | GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)
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| What are the target organs of FSH? | Gonads - ovaries and testes
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| What are the targets of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)? | Kidneys and blood
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| Insulin-like growth factors are necessary for the full effect of ___. | hGH
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| What regulates hGH? | Promoted by GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone). Inhibited by GHIH (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone).
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| What are the targets of hGH? | Liver, skeletal muscles, cartilage, bones, and other tissues
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| What gland can be classified as an endocrine and exocrine gland? | Pancreas
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| What produces antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin? | Hypothalamus
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| What synthesizes the hormones secreted from the posterior pituitary gland? | Hypothalamus
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| What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone? | Low calcium in blood
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| What produces epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)? | Adrenal medulla
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| What is the effect of calcitonin on blood calcium levels? | Decreases blood calcium levels.
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| What secretes melatonin? | Pineal gland
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| What are the three granular white blood cells? | Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
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| What are the two agranular white blood cells? | Lymphocytes and monocytes
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| What are erythrocytes? | Red Blood Cells
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| What are leukocytes? | White Blood Cells
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| What vitamin is needed for blood to clot? | Vitamin K
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| What is the lifespan of red blood cells? | 120 days
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| What is erythropoiesis? | Formation of red blood cells in red bone marrow
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| What is fibrinolysis? | The process by which plasminogen dissolves fibrin in blood clots
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| What is thrombosis? | Blood clot in an unbroken vessel
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| What are emboli? | Clots that travels in blood vessels
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| Why is Type O considered the theoretical universal donor? | There are no A or B antigens on RBCs.
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| A parasite infection is often manifested by a high count of ___. | eosinophils
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| What are the plasma proteins in order from most abundant to least? | Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen
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| What are the phases of hemostasis? | Vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, blood clotting by fibrin threads
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| Of what does the buffy coat of centrifuged blood consist? | White blood cells and platelets
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| What is the function of LH (luteinizing hormone)? | Stimulates ovation, stimulates progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum, and readies the mammary glands for milk secretion in females; stimulates testosterone secretion by the testes in males
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| What regulates LH (luteinizing hormone)? | Stimulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
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| What are the target organs of LH? | corpus luteum, mammary glands, testes, ovaries
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| What is the function of ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)? | Regulates activities of the adrenal cortex
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| What regulates ACTH? | CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone)
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| What is the target of ACTH? | Adrenal cortex
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| What is the function of PRL (prolactin)? | Initiates milk secretion.
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| What regulates PRL? | Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) and Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)
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| What are the target organs of PRL? | Mammary glands
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| What is the function of MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone)? | Darkens skin
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| What regulates MSH? | Inhibited by dopamine, stimulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
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| What is the target organ of MSH? | Brain, Melanin-producing cells
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| What is the function of oxytocin? | Enhances contraction of smooth muscle of uterus wall during delivery. After delivery, stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands
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| What regulates oxytocin? | Secreted by neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus in response to uterine distension and stimulation of nipples
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| What are the target organs of oxytocin? | Uterus and breasts
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| What is the function of the ADH? | Conserves body water by decreasing urine volume, decreasing water loss through perspiration; raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles
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| What regulates ADH? | Secreted in response to elevated blood osmotic pressure, dehydration, blood loss, pain, or stress. Inhibited by low blood osmotic pressure, high blood volume, and alcohol
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| What produces and stores ADH? | Produced by hypothalamus. Stored in posterior pituitary gland.
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| What produces and stores oxytocin? | Produced by hypothalamus. Stored in posterior pituitary gland.
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| What produces and stores MSH? | anterior pituitary gland.
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| What produces and stores PRL? | anterior pituitary gland.
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| What produces and stores ACTH? | anterior pituitary gland.
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| What produces and stores LH? | anterior pituitary gland.
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| What produces and stores FSH? | anterior pituitary gland.
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| What produces and stores TSH? | anterior pituitary gland.
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| What produces and stores hGH? | anterior pituitary gland.
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| What are two hormones released from the thyroid gland? | T3 and T4
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| What is the function of T3 and T4? | Increase basal metabolic rate; stimulate synthesis of proteins; increase use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production; increase lipolysis; enhance cholesterol excretion; accelerate body growth; contribute to development of nervous system
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| What organ produces parathyroid hormone? | Parathyroid gland
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| What is the effect of calcitriol? | Lowers blood levels of Ca^2+ and HPO4^2- by inhibiting bone resorption by osteoclasts and by accelerating uptake of calcium and phosphates into bone extracellular matrix
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| What produces calcitriol? | Thyroid gland
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| How is parathyroid hormone secretion controlled? | Low blood calcium stimulate secretion; high blood calcium inhibit secretion
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| What type of pancreatic cells release insulin? | Beta cells of pancreatic islets
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| Which pancreatic cells release glucagon? | Alpha cells of pancreatic islets
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| What are the three signs of diabetes? | Polyuria, polyphagia, and polydipsia.
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| What is polyuria? | Abnormally large production of urine
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| What is polyphagia? | Insatiable appetite for food
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| What is polydipsia? | Abnormally great thirst
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| What is the role of glucocorticoids? | Influence glucose metabolism & stress resistance, protein breakdown, anti-inflammatory effects
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| What is the role of mineralocorticoids? | Affect mineral homeostasis
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| What is the role of androgens in general? | Masculinizing, stimulate growth of axillary and pubic hair and aid prepubertal growth spurt in both sexes. In females, contributes to libido and is converted to estrogen.
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| What's the primary glucocorticoid hormone? | Cortisol
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| Name a mineralocorticoid hormone. | Aldosterone
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| Which of the steroid hormones produced in the adrenal gland regulate the Na+ and K+ levels in blood? | Aldosterone
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| Which part of the adrenal gland produces glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens? | Adrenal cortex
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| What is the source of estrogen after menopause? | Androgens
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| What is the role of melatonin? | Helps set the biological clock by setting the sleep cycle
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| What hormones are produced by testes and ovaries? | Testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone
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| What are the three stages of the stress response? | Flight-or-fight response, resistance, exhaustion
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| Which hormone is involved in the conversion of glycogen into glucose? | Glucagon
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| What hormones become deficient at old age? | hGH, thyroid hormones, cortisol, aldosterone, estrogens
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| What hormone rises in blood at old age and leads to osteoporosis? | Parathyroid hormone
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| What hormone is responsible for Addison's disease? | Deficient adrenal hormones, like aldosterone
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| What hormone is responsible for Graves disease? | Excess thyroid hormones
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| What hormone is responsible for Cushing's disease? | Excess glucorticoids
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| What hormone is responsible for myxedema? | Deficient thyroid hormone
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| What hormone is responsible for pheochromocytoma? | Excess of epinephrine and norepinephrine
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| What are the functions of blood? | Blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, and hormones ; helps regulate temperature, ph, and water content in cells; provides protection by clotting and by combating toxins and microbes through certain phagocytic wbc's or plasma proteins
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| What is the total volume of the blood in the body? | 4-6 liters
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| What is the role of a receptor? | They recognize and bind to specific hormones
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| What is blood's ph? | 7.35-7.45
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| What's blood's temperature? | 100.4 F
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| What's blood's color? | Red
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| What are the 2 components of blood? | 55% blood plasma, 45% formed elements.
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| What is hemopoiesis? | Formation of blood cells from hemopoietic stem cells in red bone marrow
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| Where in the body do blood cells form? | Bone marrow
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| What is the stem cell that gives rise to all different kinds of blood cells? | Pluripotent
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| What are erythrocytes? | Red blood cells
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| What are leukocytes? | WBC's
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| What are thrombocytes? | Platelets
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| What are reticulocytes? | Immature red blood cells
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| What is the protein found in red blood cells? | Hemoglobin
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| What are the components of hemoglobin? | Globin, and four heme groups, each associated with an iron
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| Briefly describe the life cycle of red blood cells. | Erythropoiesis in red bone marrow. Proerythroblast -> ejects its nucleus, becomes a reticulocyte -> develop into mature RBCs -> enter circulation ->recycled
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| What is erythropoiesis? | Production of red blood cells
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| What is erythropoietin (EPO)? | Hormone released by kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production
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| Where is EPO produced? | Juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney
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| What factors triggers release of EPO? | low oxygen levels; blood loss; high altitude
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| What substances are needed for the formation of healthy red blood cells? | Iron, copper, Vitamin A and B
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| What is hematocrit? | Percentage of blood made up of red blood cells
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| What are the different leukocytes? | Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes,
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| What is the function of basophils? | Liberate heparin, histamine, and serotonin in allergic reactions that intensify the inflammatory response
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| What is the function of lymphocytes? | W/ foreign antigens, B _ differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies, which attach to the antigens and render them harmless; thus combat infection and provides immunity. T _ destroy foreign invaders directly.
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| What is the function of monocytes? | Migrate from blood into the tissues, where they differentiate into macrophages, which can gather at sites of infection or inflammation. Via phagocytosis combat inflammation and infection.
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| What is the function of eosinophils? | Combat the effects of histamine in allergic reactions, phagocytize (envelop and destroy) antigen-antibody complexes, and combat parasitic worms
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| What is the function of neutrophils? | Via phagocytosis combat inflammation and infection
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| What is the function of platelets? | Stop blood loss by forming a platelet plug
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| What is hemostasis? | Stoppage of bleeding
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| What is coagulation? | Clotting
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| What is the difference between serum and plasma? | Serum is blood plasma minus clotting proteins
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| What is the difference between plasminogen and plasmin? | Plasminogen is an inactive enzyme that is incorporated into a clot. Then it is activated to plasmin to dissolve the clot.
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| What is the role of plasmin in blood? | Dissolve blood clot by digesting fibrin threads
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| What are the differences between thrombosis, thrombus, and embolus? | Thrombosis is clotting in an unbroken blood vessel. The clot itself is a thrombus. If it moves from its site of origin it is an embolus.
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| What are the four different blood types? | A, B, AB, O
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| What blood type is the universal donor? | O
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| What blood type is the universal recipient? | AB
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| What is the difference between Rh+ and RH-? | Rh+ has Rh antigens; Rh- has none.
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| What are the components of blood plasma? | 91.5% water, 8.5% solutes: proteins, nutrients, vitamins, hormones, respiratory gases, electrolytes, and waste products.
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| What are the components of formed elements in blood? | red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
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