Endocrine system
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| What is anemia? | Iron deficiency
Rbc turnover, they aren't reproducing
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| Sickle cell disease | Sickle shated rbc, clogs vessels, prevalent in AA, imparts resistant to malaria, hereditary
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| Name the white blood cells | Nueteophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes
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| Categories of WBC | Granulocytes, Agranulocytes
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| Characteristics of neutrophil | 3 to 5 lobes, 65% of wbc, fastest response of wbc to fight bacteria
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| Neutrophil release | Lysozymes for bacteria fighting, defensive proteins like antibiotics, strong oxidants like bleach
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| Basophils characteristics | No clear nucleus, dark purple in color, less than 1% of wbc, cause serious allergy issues, inflammation and allergy reactions
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| Basophils release | Histamines, heparin, serotonin
Act as hypersensitivity allergic reaction
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| Eosinophils | Reddish in color, 2 to 3 nucleus, 2 to 4 % circulation, leave capillaries to enter tissue fluid, attack parasite worms, phagocytize antibody
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| Eosinophils release | Histaminase, counteract histamine, slows down inflammation
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| Lymphocytes characteristics | Nucleus takes up most of space in cell, 20 to 25% wbc, turn in t cell and b cell, calcitonin
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| Lymphocytes b cells | Destroy bacteria and toxins, turns into plasma that produces antibodies
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| What's are the functions of thyroid | Regulates metabolism and calcium levels, follicular cells, parafollicular cells
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| What do thyroxine and triiodthyronine do | Release carbs and lipid breakdown, increase protein synthesis, metabolism increases
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| What is goiter | Iodine deficiency, thyroid swells, pituitary releases TSH..make t3 & t4
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| What does calcitonin do | Increase calcium and phosphate deposition in bones, decrease blood calcium, stimulate oateoblast, inhibit osteoclasts
Parafollicular cell
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| What 3 hormones does the thyroid produce | Thyroxine t4, triiodthyronine t3, calcitonin
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| What are the hypothalamus hormones, 7 of then | Growth hormones ghrh, somatostatin, prolactin releasing factor, prolactin releasing inhibiting hormone, corticotropic releasing hormones, thyrotropic releasing hormones, gonadotropin releasing hormone
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| What is acromegaly | Too much hgh, often pit unitary tumor, uncontrolled growth, prominent brow, jaw, large nose
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| What is difference between oxytocin and prolactin | Oxy in posterior pituitary, uterine contractions, release milk from breast.
Pro in anterior pituitary, produce milk in breast
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| Luteinizing hormone | Anterior pituitary, stimulates secretion of testosterone and estrogen, ovulation, formation of corpus leuteum
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| Follicle stimulating hormone | Anterior pituitary, follicle formation in ovaries, sperm production in testes
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| Adrenocorticotropic hormone | Anterior pituitary hormone, adrenal cortex... cortisol
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| Human growth hormone | Anterior pituitary, stimulates most tissue produce insulin like growth factor, increase cell division protein synthesis
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| Thyroid stimulating hormone | Anterior pituitary, thyroid.. metabolism, increase t3 and t4
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| Prolactin | Anterior pituitary, mammary glands lactation stimulate production of milk
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| The anterior pituitary produces what hormones | Human growth, prolactin, thyroid stimulating, adrenocorticotropic, follicle stimulating, luteinizing hormone
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| Posterior pituitary hormones | Oxytocin, antidiuretic
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| What do antidiuretic hormones do | Vasopressin, occur in kidney, increase h2o reabsorbtion, decrease urine production
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| What does oxytocin do | Uterus contraction, mammary glands release milk
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| What do hormones receptors do | Circulate hormones throughout body, affect target cells with specific hormone receptors
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| What does your thyroid do | Regulate metabolism and calcium levels, follicular cells, parafollicular cells, calcitonin
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| Osteoclast | Crush bone
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| Osteoblast | Build bone
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| Nonsteriod hormones | Amine, peptide, protein, prostaglandins
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| Steriods hormones | Derived from cholesterol, lipid soluble, no surface receptor, often bound to transporter protein
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| What are the types of hormones | Steriods and nonsteriod
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| Negative feedback | Release of hormones decreases the amount of hormone released
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| Positive feedback | Release hormone stimulates the release of more hormones directly or indirectly
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| What are the 3 endocrine transmissions | Endorcrine, autocross and paracrine
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| What is the endocrine system functions | Display transmission, exocytosis, bloodstream, hormones, growth and development and reproduction
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| Endocrine helps regulate | EXtracellular fluid, metabolism, biological clock, contractions of caring and smooth muscle, glandular muscles, some immune functions
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| What does synaptic transmission do | Local transmission, vesicular release, synaptic cleft, neurotransmitters
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| Hormones definition | Substances secreted into the blood stream
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| Endocrine system | Excrete hormones, effector can be anywhere
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| Hypothyroidism | Stunted growth, abnormal bone formation, intellectual disability, low metabolic rate, swollen tissue
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| Graves disease | A form of hypothyroidism
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| Goiter | Defiency of thyroid hormones due to iodine deficiency
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| Facts of iron | Stored in the liver muscle or spleen, in bone marrow being used for hemoglobin synthesis
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| Jaundice | Liver doesn't dump excess bile
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| How is hemoglobin recycles | Heme group, decomposes to biliverdin and iron, convert to bilirubin, bilirubin secreted by liver into bile, excess bilirubin.. jaundice
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| What does insulin do | Decrease blood glucose, transport into cells.. muscle and liver.... produce by beta cells in islet
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| What does glucagon do | Increase blood glucose, produce by alpha cells islets
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| Somatostatin | Growth hormone inhibiting, produces by delta cells islet
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| Plasma proteins | Albumins, globulin, fibringenious
Lipid soluble
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| Blood spun in centrifuge separates how | Plasma.. liquid protein
Buffy coat.. wbc and platelet
Rbc
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| What are the compones of blood | Plasma 55%, platelet wbc 1%, rbc 45%
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| What does the blood do | Transport gases, proteins, hormines and waate products
Regulates heat
Immune response
Clot formation
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| Where is pineal gland | Superior to cerebellum
Posterior to thalamus, release melatonin, carcadian rhythm
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| Other endocrine glands | Pineal gland, thymus, reproductive organs
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| Adult onset diabetes | Type II, insulin resistance, too much blood sugar, can't get sugar into cells
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| Juvenile diabetes | Type I, pancreas doesn't produce insulin, problem with beta cells in islet
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| Blood glucose disorder | Polyrurea.. excessive urine
Polydipsia... Constant thrist
Polyphagia.. excessive eating
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| Endocrine clinical application | Diabetes mellows
Blood glucose disorder
Type I.. juvenile
Type II..Adult
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| Globulins | Plasma protein
Synthesized in liver
36% of circulating proteins,
lipid soluble
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| Characteristics of rbc.. aka name | Transport oxygen, lack a nuclues, concave circular shape, 120 day life cycle, recycled in liver..... erythrocyte
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| What does the concave circular shape of erythrocyte do | Increase surface area
Bend/flex through capillaries
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| What molecule must have 1 iron molecule | Hemaglobin
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| One molecule hemoglobin can carry ________ oxygen molecules | 4
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| Albumins | Plasma proteins
Smallest
60 % of circulating proteins
Synthesize in liver
Transport other proteins
Maintain osmotic pressure
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| What are pancreas hormones | Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin
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| What does the pancreas do | Regulate blood glucose
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| Where is the pancreas and what are the parts called | Inferior to liver
Posterior to stomach
Head, body, tail
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| Androgens | Sex hormones
Supplement hormones from gonads
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| Cortisol | Glucocorticoid
Glucose protein and fat metabolism
Inhibits protein synthesis
Stimulate glucose synthesis in liver
Release of family acids from adipose tissue
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| Aldosterone | Is a mineralocorricoI'd
Blood pressure regulator
Kidney..increase sodium absorb to on
Excrete potassium
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| What are adrenal cortex hormones | Aldosterone
Cortisol
Androgens
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| Pituitary gland | Pea size gland
Sits in Sella turcica of sphenoid bone
Infundibulum connects to brain
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| 2 lobes of pituitary gland | Anterior
75 %, contains cell bodies that produce hormones
Posterior
25%
Contains axon terminals from cells in hypothalamus
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| Prostaglandin | Glycoprotein
Protein and carbs
Fsh..follicular stimulating hormones
TSH. .thyroid stimulating hormones
Local action ..paracrine
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| Where is parathyroid gland located | Posterior surface of thyroid
4 small glands
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| What does the parathyroid hormone do | Increase blood calcium levels
Stimulate osteoclasts
Inhibits osteoblasts
Intestine absorb more calcium
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| Where are adrenal glands located | Above kidneys
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| What are the layers of the transverse section of adrenal gland | Capsule
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
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| What are the layers of the adrenal cortex | Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
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| The adrenal medulla hormone does what | Produce fight or flight
Epinephrine. ..adrenaline
Norepinephrine
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| What does norepinephrine do | Maintains cardiovascular system blood vessels
Increase heart rate
Force of contractions of heart
Vasocinstriction in skin and vis ceramic
Some dilation of airways
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| What does epinephrine do | Affects cardiovascular system liver and airways
Increase hr and force contraction
Dilate airways
Vasodilation in skeletal muscle
Store glycogen in liver
Convert it to glucose
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| Proteins are?? | Many amino acids
Parathyroid hormones
Growth hormone
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| Peptide | Nonsteriod hormones
Few amino acids
Vasopressin
Oxytocin
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| Amine | Nonsteriod hormones
Single modified amino acid
Epinephrine
Nonepinephrine
Derived from tyrosine
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| What are the non steriods types of hormones | Amine
Peptide
Proteins
Prostaglandins
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| What is the breakdown of steriods hormones | Derived from cholesterol, diffuse across cell membrane, often bound to transporter protein
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| What hormones are steriods hormones | Testosterone, estrogen, aldosterone, cortisol
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| Steps of lipid soluble hormones | Diffuse across the cell membrane, hormones binds w/ receptor forming receptor hormones complex, receptor enter the nucleus and trigger gene transcription, transcribed MRNA is translated into proteins that alter cell activity
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| Blood platelets | No nucleus, cell fragments of megakaryocytes, initial response to injury, form platelet plus
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| What is leukemia | Cancer of the leukocytes, treatment is to destroy leukocytes and bone marrow, transplant from donor, lots of WBC
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| Thrombopoietin | Stimulates formation of platelets, releases from liver
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| Erythropoietin | Stimulation of RBC, released from kidney
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| Hematopoietic growth factors | Erythropoietin and thrombopoietin
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| What is Hematopoiesis | Formation of RBC.. Red bone marrow, stimulate by erythropoietin from kidney
Formation of lymphocytes.. yellow bone marrow
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| Monocyte characteristics | Large nucleus, usually kidney shaped
Large WBC in circulation
Doesn't remain in blood very long
3 to 8% of wbc
Becomes macrophages in tissue
Phagocytize debris
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| Lymphocytes t-cells | Attack viruses, fungi, transplanted organs, cancer cells, some bacteria
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| Hormones | The secreted substances diffused from the interstitial fluid into the blood stream
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| Definition of endocrine | Internal secretion
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| They regulate neighboring cells | Prostagladins
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| Short chains of amino acid hormones | Peptides
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| Long chain of amino acid hormones that are linked and folded into specific molecule structures | Protein hormones
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| How do steroids differ | By the type and # of atoms attached to these rings
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| Lipids that include complex rings of carbon and hydrogen atoms | Steriods
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| Hormones are _________ compounds | Organic
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| What is a second messenger | Biochemical in the cell that induce the changes leading to hormone effects
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| How does a steriods hormone act on its target cells | Combines with thyroid hormones
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| How are hormones chemically classified | Steriods and nonsteriod
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| Difference between endocrine and exocringe glands | Endo is internal excretion of substances.. no ducts
Exo is external excretion of substance through rubes or ducts that lead to body surface
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| Hormones are organic or inorganic hormones | Organic
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| Three nonprotein nitrogenous substances found in plasma | Creatine, amino acids and urea
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| Blood is a type of ______ tissue composed of extra cellular matrix and cell | Connective
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| What are the four electrolytes found in plasma | Bicarbonate
Calcium
Sodium
Potassium
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| Iron is critical for thr synthesis of ______? | Hemoglobin
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| T cell function | Attack viruses, fungi, transplanted organs, cancer cells and some bacteria
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| B Cells function | Destroy bacteria and their toxins, turn into plasma cells that produces antibodies
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| Histaminase | Slows down inflammation caused by basophils
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| Histamine | Heighten the inflammatory response and account for hypersensitivity reaction
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| Agranulocytes in WBC | Lymphocytes & monocytes
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| Granulocytes in WBC | Neutrophil, basophils & eosinophils
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| Erythropoiesis occurs in the?? | Yolk sac, liver and spleen
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| Hematopoiesis | Formation of blood cells
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| Plasma proteins | Albumin, globulin and fibrinogen
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| What does blood do | Transports gases, proteins, hormines, waste products. ...regulates hear, immune reaponse, clot formation
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| The average adults has _____ liters of blood | 5
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| Blood is ___% of body weight | 8
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| Thromb means | Clot
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| Stasis means | Halt, make stand still
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| Poly means | Many
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| What hormone is inside the colloid | Thyroid
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| What is the name of the sphere shaped cell of the thyroid | Follicular
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| What are between the follicles of the thyroid | Parafollicular cells
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| Parathormone regulates calcium balance in blood in what gland?? | Parathyroid
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| The endocrine function of the pancreas consists of the secretion of | Insulin, glucagon & somatostatin
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| The most superficial layer of the adrenal cortex | Zona glomerulosa
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| The middle layer of adrenal cortex | Zona fasciculata
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| What is the deepest layer of the adrenal cortex | Zona reticularis
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