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Endocrine sysyem
Endocrine system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is anemia? | Iron deficiency Rbc turnover, they aren't reproducing |
| Sickle cell disease | Sickle shated rbc, clogs vessels, prevalent in AA, imparts resistant to malaria, hereditary |
| Name the white blood cells | Nueteophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes |
| Categories of WBC | Granulocytes, Agranulocytes |
| Characteristics of neutrophil | 3 to 5 lobes, 65% of wbc, fastest response of wbc to fight bacteria |
| Neutrophil release | Lysozymes for bacteria fighting, defensive proteins like antibiotics, strong oxidants like bleach |
| Basophils characteristics | No clear nucleus, dark purple in color, less than 1% of wbc, cause serious allergy issues, inflammation and allergy reactions |
| Basophils release | Histamines, heparin, serotonin Act as hypersensitivity allergic reaction |
| Eosinophils | Reddish in color, 2 to 3 nucleus, 2 to 4 % circulation, leave capillaries to enter tissue fluid, attack parasite worms, phagocytize antibody |
| Eosinophils release | Histaminase, counteract histamine, slows down inflammation |
| Lymphocytes characteristics | Nucleus takes up most of space in cell, 20 to 25% wbc, turn in t cell and b cell, calcitonin |
| Lymphocytes b cells | Destroy bacteria and toxins, turns into plasma that produces antibodies |
| What's are the functions of thyroid | Regulates metabolism and calcium levels, follicular cells, parafollicular cells |
| What do thyroxine and triiodthyronine do | Release carbs and lipid breakdown, increase protein synthesis, metabolism increases |
| What is goiter | Iodine deficiency, thyroid swells, pituitary releases TSH..make t3 & t4 |
| What does calcitonin do | Increase calcium and phosphate deposition in bones, decrease blood calcium, stimulate oateoblast, inhibit osteoclasts Parafollicular cell |
| What 3 hormones does the thyroid produce | Thyroxine t4, triiodthyronine t3, calcitonin |
| What are the hypothalamus hormones, 7 of then | Growth hormones ghrh, somatostatin, prolactin releasing factor, prolactin releasing inhibiting hormone, corticotropic releasing hormones, thyrotropic releasing hormones, gonadotropin releasing hormone |
| What is acromegaly | Too much hgh, often pit unitary tumor, uncontrolled growth, prominent brow, jaw, large nose |
| What is difference between oxytocin and prolactin | Oxy in posterior pituitary, uterine contractions, release milk from breast. Pro in anterior pituitary, produce milk in breast |
| Luteinizing hormone | Anterior pituitary, stimulates secretion of testosterone and estrogen, ovulation, formation of corpus leuteum |
| Follicle stimulating hormone | Anterior pituitary, follicle formation in ovaries, sperm production in testes |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone | Anterior pituitary hormone, adrenal cortex... cortisol |
| Human growth hormone | Anterior pituitary, stimulates most tissue produce insulin like growth factor, increase cell division protein synthesis |
| Thyroid stimulating hormone | Anterior pituitary, thyroid.. metabolism, increase t3 and t4 |
| Prolactin | Anterior pituitary, mammary glands lactation stimulate production of milk |
| The anterior pituitary produces what hormones | Human growth, prolactin, thyroid stimulating, adrenocorticotropic, follicle stimulating, luteinizing hormone |
| Posterior pituitary hormones | Oxytocin, antidiuretic |
| What do antidiuretic hormones do | Vasopressin, occur in kidney, increase h2o reabsorbtion, decrease urine production |
| What does oxytocin do | Uterus contraction, mammary glands release milk |
| What do hormones receptors do | Circulate hormones throughout body, affect target cells with specific hormone receptors |
| What does your thyroid do | Regulate metabolism and calcium levels, follicular cells, parafollicular cells, calcitonin |
| Osteoclast | Crush bone |
| Osteoblast | Build bone |
| Nonsteriod hormones | Amine, peptide, protein, prostaglandins |
| Steriods hormones | Derived from cholesterol, lipid soluble, no surface receptor, often bound to transporter protein |
| What are the types of hormones | Steriods and nonsteriod |
| Negative feedback | Release of hormones decreases the amount of hormone released |
| Positive feedback | Release hormone stimulates the release of more hormones directly or indirectly |
| What are the 3 endocrine transmissions | Endorcrine, autocross and paracrine |
| What is the endocrine system functions | Display transmission, exocytosis, bloodstream, hormones, growth and development and reproduction |
| Endocrine helps regulate | EXtracellular fluid, metabolism, biological clock, contractions of caring and smooth muscle, glandular muscles, some immune functions |
| What does synaptic transmission do | Local transmission, vesicular release, synaptic cleft, neurotransmitters |
| Hormones definition | Substances secreted into the blood stream |
| Endocrine system | Excrete hormones, effector can be anywhere |
| Hypothyroidism | Stunted growth, abnormal bone formation, intellectual disability, low metabolic rate, swollen tissue |
| Graves disease | A form of hypothyroidism |
| Goiter | Defiency of thyroid hormones due to iodine deficiency |
| Facts of iron | Stored in the liver muscle or spleen, in bone marrow being used for hemoglobin synthesis |
| Jaundice | Liver doesn't dump excess bile |
| How is hemoglobin recycles | Heme group, decomposes to biliverdin and iron, convert to bilirubin, bilirubin secreted by liver into bile, excess bilirubin.. jaundice |
| What does insulin do | Decrease blood glucose, transport into cells.. muscle and liver.... produce by beta cells in islet |
| What does glucagon do | Increase blood glucose, produce by alpha cells islets |
| Somatostatin | Growth hormone inhibiting, produces by delta cells islet |
| Plasma proteins | Albumins, globulin, fibringenious Lipid soluble |
| Blood spun in centrifuge separates how | Plasma.. liquid protein Buffy coat.. wbc and platelet Rbc |
| What are the compones of blood | Plasma 55%, platelet wbc 1%, rbc 45% |
| What does the blood do | Transport gases, proteins, hormines and waate products Regulates heat Immune response Clot formation |
| Where is pineal gland | Superior to cerebellum Posterior to thalamus, release melatonin, carcadian rhythm |
| Other endocrine glands | Pineal gland, thymus, reproductive organs |
| Adult onset diabetes | Type II, insulin resistance, too much blood sugar, can't get sugar into cells |
| Juvenile diabetes | Type I, pancreas doesn't produce insulin, problem with beta cells in islet |
| Blood glucose disorder | Polyrurea.. excessive urine Polydipsia... Constant thrist Polyphagia.. excessive eating |
| Endocrine clinical application | Diabetes mellows Blood glucose disorder Type I.. juvenile Type II..Adult |
| Globulins | Plasma protein Synthesized in liver 36% of circulating proteins, lipid soluble |
| Characteristics of rbc.. aka name | Transport oxygen, lack a nuclues, concave circular shape, 120 day life cycle, recycled in liver..... erythrocyte |
| What does the concave circular shape of erythrocyte do | Increase surface area Bend/flex through capillaries |
| What molecule must have 1 iron molecule | Hemaglobin |
| One molecule hemoglobin can carry ________ oxygen molecules | 4 |
| Albumins | Plasma proteins Smallest 60 % of circulating proteins Synthesize in liver Transport other proteins Maintain osmotic pressure |
| What are pancreas hormones | Insulin Glucagon Somatostatin |
| What does the pancreas do | Regulate blood glucose |
| Where is the pancreas and what are the parts called | Inferior to liver Posterior to stomach Head, body, tail |
| Androgens | Sex hormones Supplement hormones from gonads |
| Cortisol | Glucocorticoid Glucose protein and fat metabolism Inhibits protein synthesis Stimulate glucose synthesis in liver Release of family acids from adipose tissue |
| Aldosterone | Is a mineralocorricoI'd Blood pressure regulator Kidney..increase sodium absorb to on Excrete potassium |
| What are adrenal cortex hormones | Aldosterone Cortisol Androgens |
| Pituitary gland | Pea size gland Sits in Sella turcica of sphenoid bone Infundibulum connects to brain |
| 2 lobes of pituitary gland | Anterior 75 %, contains cell bodies that produce hormones Posterior 25% Contains axon terminals from cells in hypothalamus |
| Prostaglandin | Glycoprotein Protein and carbs Fsh..follicular stimulating hormones TSH. .thyroid stimulating hormones Local action ..paracrine |
| Where is parathyroid gland located | Posterior surface of thyroid 4 small glands |
| What does the parathyroid hormone do | Increase blood calcium levels Stimulate osteoclasts Inhibits osteoblasts Intestine absorb more calcium |
| Where are adrenal glands located | Above kidneys |
| What are the layers of the transverse section of adrenal gland | Capsule Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla |
| What are the layers of the adrenal cortex | Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis |
| The adrenal medulla hormone does what | Produce fight or flight Epinephrine. ..adrenaline Norepinephrine |
| What does norepinephrine do | Maintains cardiovascular system blood vessels Increase heart rate Force of contractions of heart Vasocinstriction in skin and vis ceramic Some dilation of airways |
| What does epinephrine do | Affects cardiovascular system liver and airways Increase hr and force contraction Dilate airways Vasodilation in skeletal muscle Store glycogen in liver Convert it to glucose |
| Proteins are?? | Many amino acids Parathyroid hormones Growth hormone |
| Peptide | Nonsteriod hormones Few amino acids Vasopressin Oxytocin |
| Amine | Nonsteriod hormones Single modified amino acid Epinephrine Nonepinephrine Derived from tyrosine |
| What are the non steriods types of hormones | Amine Peptide Proteins Prostaglandins |
| What is the breakdown of steriods hormones | Derived from cholesterol, diffuse across cell membrane, often bound to transporter protein |
| What hormones are steriods hormones | Testosterone, estrogen, aldosterone, cortisol |
| Steps of lipid soluble hormones | Diffuse across the cell membrane, hormones binds w/ receptor forming receptor hormones complex, receptor enter the nucleus and trigger gene transcription, transcribed MRNA is translated into proteins that alter cell activity |
| Blood platelets | No nucleus, cell fragments of megakaryocytes, initial response to injury, form platelet plus |
| What is leukemia | Cancer of the leukocytes, treatment is to destroy leukocytes and bone marrow, transplant from donor, lots of WBC |
| Thrombopoietin | Stimulates formation of platelets, releases from liver |
| Erythropoietin | Stimulation of RBC, released from kidney |
| Hematopoietic growth factors | Erythropoietin and thrombopoietin |
| What is Hematopoiesis | Formation of RBC.. Red bone marrow, stimulate by erythropoietin from kidney Formation of lymphocytes.. yellow bone marrow |
| Monocyte characteristics | Large nucleus, usually kidney shaped Large WBC in circulation Doesn't remain in blood very long 3 to 8% of wbc Becomes macrophages in tissue Phagocytize debris |
| Lymphocytes t-cells | Attack viruses, fungi, transplanted organs, cancer cells, some bacteria |
| Hormones | The secreted substances diffused from the interstitial fluid into the blood stream |
| Definition of endocrine | Internal secretion |
| They regulate neighboring cells | Prostagladins |
| Short chains of amino acid hormones | Peptides |
| Long chain of amino acid hormones that are linked and folded into specific molecule structures | Protein hormones |
| How do steroids differ | By the type and # of atoms attached to these rings |
| Lipids that include complex rings of carbon and hydrogen atoms | Steriods |
| Hormones are _________ compounds | Organic |
| What is a second messenger | Biochemical in the cell that induce the changes leading to hormone effects |
| How does a steriods hormone act on its target cells | Combines with thyroid hormones |
| How are hormones chemically classified | Steriods and nonsteriod |
| Difference between endocrine and exocringe glands | Endo is internal excretion of substances.. no ducts Exo is external excretion of substance through rubes or ducts that lead to body surface |
| Hormones are organic or inorganic hormones | Organic |
| Three nonprotein nitrogenous substances found in plasma | Creatine, amino acids and urea |
| Blood is a type of ______ tissue composed of extra cellular matrix and cell | Connective |
| What are the four electrolytes found in plasma | Bicarbonate Calcium Sodium Potassium |
| Iron is critical for thr synthesis of ______? | Hemoglobin |
| T cell function | Attack viruses, fungi, transplanted organs, cancer cells and some bacteria |
| B Cells function | Destroy bacteria and their toxins, turn into plasma cells that produces antibodies |
| Histaminase | Slows down inflammation caused by basophils |
| Histamine | Heighten the inflammatory response and account for hypersensitivity reaction |
| Agranulocytes in WBC | Lymphocytes & monocytes |
| Granulocytes in WBC | Neutrophil, basophils & eosinophils |
| Erythropoiesis occurs in the?? | Yolk sac, liver and spleen |
| Hematopoiesis | Formation of blood cells |
| Plasma proteins | Albumin, globulin and fibrinogen |
| What does blood do | Transports gases, proteins, hormines, waste products. ...regulates hear, immune reaponse, clot formation |
| The average adults has _____ liters of blood | 5 |
| Blood is ___% of body weight | 8 |
| Thromb means | Clot |
| Stasis means | Halt, make stand still |
| Poly means | Many |
| What hormone is inside the colloid | Thyroid |
| What is the name of the sphere shaped cell of the thyroid | Follicular |
| What are between the follicles of the thyroid | Parafollicular cells |
| Parathormone regulates calcium balance in blood in what gland?? | Parathyroid |
| The endocrine function of the pancreas consists of the secretion of | Insulin, glucagon & somatostatin |
| The most superficial layer of the adrenal cortex | Zona glomerulosa |
| The middle layer of adrenal cortex | Zona fasciculata |
| What is the deepest layer of the adrenal cortex | Zona reticularis |
Created by:
Miccimouse
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