Hubdates
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| 1440s | Invention of the printing press
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| 1517 | 95 Theses
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| 1545-1563 | Council of Trent
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| 1555 | Peace of Augsburg
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| 1598 | Edict of Nantes
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| Invention of the Printing Press | Causes: Greater demand for books and the introduction of paper
Effects: Higher levels of literacy, faster spread of ideas, ability to have consistent editions to discuss ideas
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| 95 Theses | Causes: Long-term Church corruption and the sale of indulgences
Effects: Starts the Reformation and the Age of Religious Wars
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| Council of Trent | Causes: Criticisms of the Catholic Church by Protestant Reformers led Catholic leaders to want to reconcile
Effects: Spiritual Renewal of the Church that was the basis of Catholicism in the 20th century
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| Peace of Augsburg | Causes: Religious Wars between Catholics and Protestants in Germany
Effects: German states split between Lutheran and Catholic; religious divisions prevent national unification until 1870
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| Edict of Nantes | Causes: French Wars of Religious between Catholics and Huguenots
Effects: Ends French Wars of Religion and grants limited religious freedom for Huguenots
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| 1525 | German Peasants War
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| German Peasants War | Cause: Long standing resentments between peasants and landowners and the introduction of Luther's ideas
Effects: Luther sides with the aristocracy and confirms that he is a religious revolutionary and a social conservative
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| 1572 | St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
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| St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre | Causes: Tensions between Catholics and Huguenots in France -Catherine de Medici hoped could be resolved if her daughter married Henry of Navarre
Effects: Starts French Wars of Religion and eventually leads to Henry of Navarre becoming King of France
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| c. 1350 | Petrarch develops ideas of humanism
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| Development of humanism | Causes: Reintroduction of works from classical authors via the Crusades
Effects: the beginning of the Renaissance
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| 1492 | Spain conquers Grenada and Columbus sets sail
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| Spain conquers Grenada | Causes: long-standing tensions in Spain between Muslim and Catholic rulers in Spain
Effects: Jews expelled from Spain
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| Columbus lands in the Americas | Causes: Europeans motivated to claim the Americas for God, gold and glory
Effects: Europeans take over the Americas, the Columbian Exchange
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| 1688-1689 | Glorious Revolution
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| Glorious Revolution | Causes: Long-term historical movement towards constitutionalism
Effects: England creates a constitutional monarchy and over time the parliament becomes increasingly powerful at the expense of the monarch
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| 1685 | Edict of Fontainbleau (Revocation of the Edict of Nantes)
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| Edict of Fontainbleau | Causes: increasing desire for religious uniformity to strengthen the state
Effect: Religious minorities in France left, taking skills with them
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| 1642-1649 | English Civil War
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| English Civil War | Causes: conflicts between King and Parliament over political power and religious conformity
Effects: Led to a 5 year period of military rule under Oliver Cromwell
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| 1540-1700 | Scientific Revolution
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| 1690-1789 | Enlightenment
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| Enlightenment | Causes: Spirit of scientific inquiry applied to philosophical questions
Effects: leads to the Age of Revolutions
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| Scientific Revolution | Causes: Inspired by Renaissance and technological advancements
Effects: Greater understanding of astronomy and other sciences and leads to Enlightenment
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| 1756-1763 | 7 Years War
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| 7 Years War | Causes: Colonial conflict
Effects: Taxes on American colonists helped lead to American Revolution; Taxes on France
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| 1776 | Adam Smith writes the Wealth of Nations
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| 1775-1783 | American Revolution
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| American Revolution | Causes: Frustration over high taxes and a lack of representation in Parliament
Effects: Began a series of Revolutions throughout the Americas and Europe
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| 1789-1799 | French Revolution
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| French Revolution | Causes: government debt, unfair social structure and taxation, economic problems such as high bread prices
Effects: leads to political instability for decades, inspires revolutions in Haiti etc
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| 1799-1815 | Napoleonic Era
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| Napoleonic Era | Causes: Political instability of the French government after the revolution caused a need for firm leadership
Effects: creates turmoil throughout Europe because of several wars that kill millions of people
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| 1870 | Unifications of Italy and Germany
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| Unifications of Italy and Germany | Causes: Nationalism and realpolitik
Effects: Balance of power established by the Congress of Vienna is disturbed leading to tensions in Europe
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| 1861 | Russia's serfs are freed (Emancipation Manifesto)
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| Emancipation Manifesto | Causes: Revolutionaries pushing for greater democratization, socialism, constitutionalism etc
Effects: Creates a class of poor, indebted people that eventually push for more revolutionary change
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| Bloody Sunday | Causes: Frustration with Russian autocracy led to demands for a constitution and a Parliament
Effects: the first stage of the Russian Revolution
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| 1905 | Bloody Sunday
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| 1914-1918 | WWI
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| WWI | Causes: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism
Effects: Small countries become independent, Germany ordered to pay reparations and assume war guilt
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| March 1917 | February Revolution
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| February Revolution | Causes: Frustration with losses in WWI, shortages of bread, weak leadership
Effects: short-lived moderate government
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| November 1917 | October/Bolshevik Revolution
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| October/Bolshevik Revolution | Causes: WWI still going poorly
Effects: Russia gets a communist dictatorship that lasts until 1989
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| Treaty of Versailles | 1919
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| Treaty of Versailles | Causes: Allies defeat Central Powers
Effects: Resentment leads to the rise of Nazism in Germany
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| New Economic Policy | 1921
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| New Economic Policy | Cause: Civil War in Russia was economically devastating and necessary to financially motivate peasants
Effect: Russian economy recovered
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| Great Depression | 1929-1939
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| Great Depression | Causes: US stock market crashed
Effects: World financial markets crippled, unemployment rose, political extremism
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| Kristallnacht | 1939
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| Kristallnacht | Causes: Increasing anti-Semitism
Effects: Marks the beginning of the Holocaust
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| Invasion of Poland | 1939
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| Invasion of Poland | Causes: Hitler sought lebensraum and appeasement failed to stop invasions
Effects: WWII begins
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| US drops atomic bombs in Japan | 1945
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| US drops atomic bombs in Japan | Causes: Germany and Italy already defeated and US sought a quick end to WWII
Effects: More than 200K killed; beginning of nuclear arms race between the US and USSR
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| Decolonization of Asia and Africa | 1945-1960s
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| Decolonization of Asia and Africa | Causes: Many imperial countries, esp Britain, no longer able to hand on to colonies and independence movements creating increasing pressure
Effects: Many nations become independent but many still struggle to find political and economic stability
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| Founding of Israel | 1948
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| Founding of Israel | Causes: Zionist desire for a Jewish homeland intensified by Holocaust
Effects: Conflict between Jews and Arabs in the Middle East
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| Berlin Wall | 1961
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| Berlin Wall | Causes: increasing Cold War tension
Effects: City is divided until 1989
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