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Hubdates
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1440s | Invention of the printing press |
| 1517 | 95 Theses |
| 1545-1563 | Council of Trent |
| 1555 | Peace of Augsburg |
| 1598 | Edict of Nantes |
| Invention of the Printing Press | Causes: Greater demand for books and the introduction of paper Effects: Higher levels of literacy, faster spread of ideas, ability to have consistent editions to discuss ideas |
| 95 Theses | Causes: Long-term Church corruption and the sale of indulgences Effects: Starts the Reformation and the Age of Religious Wars |
| Council of Trent | Causes: Criticisms of the Catholic Church by Protestant Reformers led Catholic leaders to want to reconcile Effects: Spiritual Renewal of the Church that was the basis of Catholicism in the 20th century |
| Peace of Augsburg | Causes: Religious Wars between Catholics and Protestants in Germany Effects: German states split between Lutheran and Catholic; religious divisions prevent national unification until 1870 |
| Edict of Nantes | Causes: French Wars of Religious between Catholics and Huguenots Effects: Ends French Wars of Religion and grants limited religious freedom for Huguenots |
| 1525 | German Peasants War |
| German Peasants War | Cause: Long standing resentments between peasants and landowners and the introduction of Luther's ideas Effects: Luther sides with the aristocracy and confirms that he is a religious revolutionary and a social conservative |
| 1572 | St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre |
| St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre | Causes: Tensions between Catholics and Huguenots in France -Catherine de Medici hoped could be resolved if her daughter married Henry of Navarre Effects: Starts French Wars of Religion and eventually leads to Henry of Navarre becoming King of France |
| c. 1350 | Petrarch develops ideas of humanism |
| Development of humanism | Causes: Reintroduction of works from classical authors via the Crusades Effects: the beginning of the Renaissance |
| 1492 | Spain conquers Grenada and Columbus sets sail |
| Spain conquers Grenada | Causes: long-standing tensions in Spain between Muslim and Catholic rulers in Spain Effects: Jews expelled from Spain |
| Columbus lands in the Americas | Causes: Europeans motivated to claim the Americas for God, gold and glory Effects: Europeans take over the Americas, the Columbian Exchange |
| 1688-1689 | Glorious Revolution |
| Glorious Revolution | Causes: Long-term historical movement towards constitutionalism Effects: England creates a constitutional monarchy and over time the parliament becomes increasingly powerful at the expense of the monarch |
| 1685 | Edict of Fontainbleau (Revocation of the Edict of Nantes) |
| Edict of Fontainbleau | Causes: increasing desire for religious uniformity to strengthen the state Effect: Religious minorities in France left, taking skills with them |
| 1642-1649 | English Civil War |
| English Civil War | Causes: conflicts between King and Parliament over political power and religious conformity Effects: Led to a 5 year period of military rule under Oliver Cromwell |
| 1540-1700 | Scientific Revolution |
| 1690-1789 | Enlightenment |
| Enlightenment | Causes: Spirit of scientific inquiry applied to philosophical questions Effects: leads to the Age of Revolutions |
| Scientific Revolution | Causes: Inspired by Renaissance and technological advancements Effects: Greater understanding of astronomy and other sciences and leads to Enlightenment |
| 1756-1763 | 7 Years War |
| 7 Years War | Causes: Colonial conflict Effects: Taxes on American colonists helped lead to American Revolution; Taxes on France |
| 1776 | Adam Smith writes the Wealth of Nations |
| 1775-1783 | American Revolution |
| American Revolution | Causes: Frustration over high taxes and a lack of representation in Parliament Effects: Began a series of Revolutions throughout the Americas and Europe |
| 1789-1799 | French Revolution |
| French Revolution | Causes: government debt, unfair social structure and taxation, economic problems such as high bread prices Effects: leads to political instability for decades, inspires revolutions in Haiti etc |
| 1799-1815 | Napoleonic Era |
| Napoleonic Era | Causes: Political instability of the French government after the revolution caused a need for firm leadership Effects: creates turmoil throughout Europe because of several wars that kill millions of people |
| 1870 | Unifications of Italy and Germany |
| Unifications of Italy and Germany | Causes: Nationalism and realpolitik Effects: Balance of power established by the Congress of Vienna is disturbed leading to tensions in Europe |
| 1861 | Russia's serfs are freed (Emancipation Manifesto) |
| Emancipation Manifesto | Causes: Revolutionaries pushing for greater democratization, socialism, constitutionalism etc Effects: Creates a class of poor, indebted people that eventually push for more revolutionary change |
| Bloody Sunday | Causes: Frustration with Russian autocracy led to demands for a constitution and a Parliament Effects: the first stage of the Russian Revolution |
| 1905 | Bloody Sunday |
| 1914-1918 | WWI |
| WWI | Causes: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism Effects: Small countries become independent, Germany ordered to pay reparations and assume war guilt |
| March 1917 | February Revolution |
| February Revolution | Causes: Frustration with losses in WWI, shortages of bread, weak leadership Effects: short-lived moderate government |
| November 1917 | October/Bolshevik Revolution |
| October/Bolshevik Revolution | Causes: WWI still going poorly Effects: Russia gets a communist dictatorship that lasts until 1989 |
| Treaty of Versailles | 1919 |
| Treaty of Versailles | Causes: Allies defeat Central Powers Effects: Resentment leads to the rise of Nazism in Germany |
| New Economic Policy | 1921 |
| New Economic Policy | Cause: Civil War in Russia was economically devastating and necessary to financially motivate peasants Effect: Russian economy recovered |
| Great Depression | 1929-1939 |
| Great Depression | Causes: US stock market crashed Effects: World financial markets crippled, unemployment rose, political extremism |
| Kristallnacht | 1939 |
| Kristallnacht | Causes: Increasing anti-Semitism Effects: Marks the beginning of the Holocaust |
| Invasion of Poland | 1939 |
| Invasion of Poland | Causes: Hitler sought lebensraum and appeasement failed to stop invasions Effects: WWII begins |
| US drops atomic bombs in Japan | 1945 |
| US drops atomic bombs in Japan | Causes: Germany and Italy already defeated and US sought a quick end to WWII Effects: More than 200K killed; beginning of nuclear arms race between the US and USSR |
| Decolonization of Asia and Africa | 1945-1960s |
| Decolonization of Asia and Africa | Causes: Many imperial countries, esp Britain, no longer able to hand on to colonies and independence movements creating increasing pressure Effects: Many nations become independent but many still struggle to find political and economic stability |
| Founding of Israel | 1948 |
| Founding of Israel | Causes: Zionist desire for a Jewish homeland intensified by Holocaust Effects: Conflict between Jews and Arabs in the Middle East |
| Berlin Wall | 1961 |
| Berlin Wall | Causes: increasing Cold War tension Effects: City is divided until 1989 |
Created by:
birmingham
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