USCSOM: Neuroanatomy: 1-Reticular Formation
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| What are the 3 zones of the RF? | Midline, Medial, Lateral
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| Describe the midline zone. | called the "raphe"; neurotransmitter is serotonin
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| Describe the medial zone. | outputs of the RF; large neurons
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| Describe the lateral zone. | projects axons to the medial zone; small cells
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| What is the normal neurotransmitter in the RF neuron? | ACh
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| What are the 3 general functions of the RF? | Motor fxn, Visceral fxn, Consciousness
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| Where is the origin of the reticulospinal tract? | medial zone of RF; pons and medulla
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| What is the course of the reticulospinal tract? | ventral and lateral funiculi of spinal cord
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| What is the termination of the reticulospinal tract? | mostly ipsilateral; medial ventral horn and intermediate gray
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| What are 2 fxns of the reticulospinal tract? | maintain posture; produce gross body movements
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| What kind of signals are in visceral center projections to the spinal cord? | preganglionic symp and parasymp
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| What kind of signals are sent to the brainstem from the visceral centers? | GVE and SVE nuclei of cranial nerves
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| What is the most important clinical function of the RF? | regulation of sonsciousness
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| What is the ARAS? | ascending reticular activating system
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| What is the origin of the reticulothalamic tract? | medial zone of the RF
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| What is the course of the reticulothalamic tract? | central tegmental tract CTT
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| What is the termination of the reticulothalamic tract? | intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus
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| What tract gives widespread activation of the cortex? | thalamocortical projections
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| What activates ARAS? | somatosensory from lateral spinothalamic tract; visual, auditory, visceral
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| What are some causes of lesions in the RF? | vascular lesions/tumors in brain stem; uncal herniation; tonsilar herniation
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| What are some signs of lesions to the RF? | disturbances of consciousness; changes in mm tone and postural reflexes; visceral dysfunction to cardio/respiratory
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| What are the 3 monoaminergic systems found in the RF? | serotonin, NE, Dopamine
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| What are the ascending and descending fxns of the serotonergic pathway? | desc: pain inhibition; asc; sleep and mood
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| Where does the serotonergic pathway originate? | midline raphe
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| Where do the serotonergic neurons project to? | cerebral hemisphere (sleep/mood); spinal cord (analgesia)
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| What are the fxns of the ascending NorEpi pathways? | mood, attention, memory
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| Where does the NorEpi pathway originate from? | locus ceruleus in upper pons
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| Where do the dopaminergic neurons originate? | substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area
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| Where does the substantia nigra project to? | caudate and putamen
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| Where does the ventral tegmental area project to? | forebrain areas; amygdala, prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens
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| Excess dopamine release in prefrontal cortex and amygdala is associated with what disorder? | schizophrenia
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| What are the two pathways and associated fxns with the dopaminergic pathways | nigrostriatal: motor; mesolimbic: behavior and emotion
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