The Endocrine System - Hormones, Feedback & Regulation
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| endocrine system is the __ control system | slow
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| the endocrine system is the coordination and communication system that relies on: | hormones and chemical substances that is released in bloodstream to deliver messages to cells of the body
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| what are hormones? | chemical messengers secreted by cells into the bloodstream
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| hormones binds to the ____, which: | activates the response
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| hormones travel through the ___, this regulates ____ | blood - regulates metabolic function of other cells in the body
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| hormones are produced by: | endocrine glands
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| once hormones are initiated, they tend to__ | last much longer than those in the nervous system
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| hormones has a __ period | lag
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| endocrine glands release their hormones into surrounding __ | tissue fluid
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| endocrine glands are also known as: | ductless glands
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| endocrine glands are called ductless glands because they__ | produce hormones - lack ducts
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| several organs include endocrine tissue like the: | thymus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas & gonaads
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| proteins are: | soluble
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| lipids are: | insoluble
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| most hormones are: | acid-based
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| amino-acid based hormones includes: | proteins, peptides & amino acids derivatives
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| insulin, epinephrine & thyroxine are all: | amino-acid based hormones
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| amino acid based hormones binds to an __ | extracellular receptor
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| amino acid based hormones __ cross the cell membrane | cannot
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| steroids are synthesized from: | cholestrol
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| steroids __ cross cell membrane | can
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| steroids are composed of: | lipids
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| the structure of the hormone determines the: | mechanism of action
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| steroids bind to an __ receptor | intracellular
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| steroids change when : | genes are being transcribed
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| the hormone response depends on the | target cell type
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| hormone effects can include: | alters plasma membrane,
stimulates enzyme synthesis,
activates/deactivates enzyme,
induce secretion,
stimulate mitosis
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| how does a hormone communicate with its target cell? | by lipid-soluble & water soluble hormonmes
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| what is a membrane potential? | the charge across membrane potential
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| __ can accept or reject a gene | hormones
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| hormones are regulated through ___ feedback | negative
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| what turns on gene expression? | transcription
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| the water soluble molecules has : | a receptor on its cell
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| the water-soluble hormone is known as: | 2nd messenger signaling
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| step 1 of 2nd messenger signaling | hormone (1st messenger) binds to receptor
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| step 2 of 2nd messenger signaling | receptor activates G protein
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| step 3 of 2nd messenger signaling | G protein activates adenylate cyclase
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| step 4 of 2nd messenger signaling | adenylate cyclase converts ATP --> cAMP (2nd messenger)
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| step 5 of 2nd messenger signaling | cAMP activates protein kinases
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| in step 1 of the 2nd messenger signaling when the hormone binds to the receptor. what occurs? | the shape of the G protein & receptor is changed
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| when GDP and GTP combines in step 1 of the 2nd messenger signaling, what happens? | turns on receptor
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| what is adenylate cyclase? | an enzyme that turns ATP --> cAMP
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| what is protein kinases? | turns things on & off that happens inside portein
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| lipid soluble hormones go through a process called: | direct gene activation
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| in lipid soluble hormones, they can get through the cell membrane by: | diffusion
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| step 1 of direct gene activation: | steroid hormone diffuses through a plasma membrane & binds to intracellular receptor
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| step 2 of direct gene activation: | receptor hormone enters nucleus
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| step 3 of direct gene activation: | receptor hormon bindes a specific DNA region
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| step 4 of direct gene activation: | binding initiates transcription of gene --> mRNA
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| step 5 of direct gene activation: | mRNA directs protein synthesis
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| ___ is used when you want to slow down a response or process | negative feedback
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| humoral stimuli | release caused by altered levels of certain critical ions or nutrients
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| neural stimuli | release caused by direct nerve signaling to release epinephrine
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| hormonal stimuli | release caused by another hormone
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| what is feedback inhibition? | when a molecule comes back & shut down
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| if a target cell doesn't have a receptor it can: | ignore signal
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| target cell activation depends on what 3 things? | blood levels of hormone
number of receptors on target cell
binding connection btw hormone & receptor
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| in up-regulation, you need: | more receptors b/c hormone levels are low
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| down regulation change the way they respond because of: | high levels of hormones - decreases number of receptors
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| in permissiveness ___ | 1 hormone requires another for its full effect
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| if there is a combined effect & hormones are amplified. this is: | synergism
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| antagonism is when: | 1 hormone opposes the action of the other
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| the growth hormone is produced in the: | anterior pituitary
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